Origin of abundant moonmilk deposits in a subsurface granitic environment

Subsurface granitic environments are scarce and poorly investigated. A multi‐disciplinary approach was used to characterize the abundant moonmilk deposits and associated microbial communities coating the granite walls of the 16th Century Paranhos spring water tunnel in Porto city (north‐west Portugal). It is possible that this study is the first record of moonmilk in an urban subsurface granitic environment. The morphology and texture, mineralogical composition, stable isotope composition and microbial diversity of moonmilk deposits have been studied to infer the processes of moonmilk formation. These whitish secondary mineral deposits are composed of very fine needle‐fibre calcite crystals with different morphologies and density. Calcified filaments of fungal hyphae or bacteria were distinguished by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Stable isotope analysis revealed a meteoric origin of the needle‐fibre calcite, with an important contribution of atmospheric CO ₂, soil respiration and from weathering of Ca‐bearing minerals. The DNA ‐based analyses revealed the presence of micro‐organisms related to urban contamination, including Actinobacteria, mainly represented by Pseudonocardia hispaniensis , Thaumarchaeota and Ascomycota, dominated by Cladosporium . This microbial composition is consistent with groundwater pollution and contamination sources of the overlying urban area, including garages, petrol stations and wastewater pipeline leakage, showing that the Paranhos tunnel is greatly perturbed by anthropogenic activities. Whether the identified micro‐organisms are involved in the formation of the needle‐fibre calcite or not is difficult to demonstrate, but this study evidenced both abiotic and biogenic genesis for the calcite moonmilk in this subsurface granitic environment.     

Study of late-Mesozoic magmatic rocks and their related copper-gold-polymetallic deposits in the Guichi ore-cluster district,Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt,East China

ABSTRACT

The Guichi ore-cluster district in the Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt hosts extensive Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits including the Tongshan Cu–Mo, Paodaoling Au, Matou Cu–Mo, Anzishan Cu–Mo, Guilinzheng Mo and Zhaceqiao Au deposits, mostly associated with the late Mesozoic magmatic rocks, which has been drawn to attention of study and exploration. However, the metallogenic relationship between magmatic rocks and the Cu–Au-polymetallic deposits is not well constrained. In this study, we report new zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic, and geochemical data for the ore-bearing intrusions of Guichi region. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages for the Anzishan quartz diorite porphyrite is 143.9 ± 1.0 Ma. Integrated with previous geochronological data, these late Mesozoic magmatic rocks can be subdivided into two stages of magmatic activities. The first stage (150–132 Ma) is characterized by high-K calc-alkaline intrusions closely associated with Cu–Au polymetallic ore deposits. Whereas, the second stage (130–125 Ma) produced granites and syenites and is mainly characterized by shoshonite series that are related to Mo–Cu mineralization. The first stage of magmatic rocks is considered to be formed by partial melting of subducted Palaeo-Pacific Plate, assimilated with Yangtze lower crust and remelting Meso-Neoproterozoic crust/sediments. The second stage of magmatism is originated from partial melting of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic crust, mixed with juvenile crustal materials. The depression cross to the uplift zone of the Jiangnan Ancient Continent forms a gradual transition relation, and the hydrothermal mineralization composite with two stages have certain characteristics along the regional fault (Gaotan Fault). Guichi region results from two episodes of magmatism probably related to tectonic transition from subduction of Palaeo-Pacific Plate to back-arc extensional setting between 150 and 125 Ma, which lead to the Mesozoic large-scale polymetallic mineralization events in southeast China.     

福建霞浦大湾钼铍矿区碱长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年研究

福建霞浦大湾钼铍矿床产于火山岩区,但成矿作用可能与岩浆活动和裂隙构造关系密切。为查清矿区隐伏的钠长石化碱长花岗岩与钼铍矿成矿作用之间的关系,本文运用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)对碱长花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb测年研究,获得年龄结果为93. 0±0. 6 Ma,与矿区的辉钼矿成矿年龄(92. 2±1. 3 Ma)一致,表明碱长花岗岩与钼铍矿成矿作用时空上具有密切的成因联系,岩浆活动可能为矿区钼铍矿的形成提供了成矿物质和成矿流体。结合区域上的成岩成矿年代学数据,本研究认为福建省燕山期岩浆活动时代与钼铍矿成矿时代都具有从西向东逐渐变新的时空分布规律,钼铍矿的成矿地质构造背景为燕山期华南岩石圈伸展环境。     

华北地台北缘集宁地区古元古代片麻状石榴花岗岩的深熔成因及地质意义

本文对华北克拉通北缘集宁地区空间上密切共生的片麻状石榴花岗岩和孔兹岩系富铝片麻岩的岩相学、地球化学及年代学特征进行了对比研究。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年方面,在富铝片麻岩中获得了1910±10Ma和1839±13Ma变质锆石年龄,在片麻状石榴花岗岩中获得了1919±17Ma的变质重结晶锆石年龄。在石榴花岗岩的石榴石包裹体中识别出与富铝片麻岩相对应的进变质阶段(M1)和峰期阶段(M2)的矿物组合,由此确认富铝片麻岩的变质作用和导致石榴花岗岩形成的深熔作用是同一构造热事件的产物。通过对二者变质作用演化及特征变质矿物的对比,认为深熔作用主要发生在峰期后等温降压阶段(M3),石榴花岗岩中的石榴石为深熔作用过程中的残留矿物相或转熔矿物相,而石榴花岗岩则是混合有大量残留矿物相的熔体结晶的产物。对片麻状石榴花岗岩和富铝片麻岩的地球化学组成特征进行了对比分析,片麻状石榴花岗岩既有一定的继承性,又有十分明显的变异性。变异性表现为:1)石榴花岗岩主量和微量元素含量分布极不均匀,微量元素含量普遍低于源岩(Cs、Rb、Th、U、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等);2)大离子亲石元素Cs和生热元素U、Th亏损明显,Sr相对富集;3)高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti的明显亏损;4)铕异常变化大,存在铕富集型、铕平坦型和铕亏损型共存的稀土配分曲线的岩石,这是深熔成因石榴花岗岩最突出的表现,也可能是原地-半原地深熔花岗岩的主要地球化学标志。综合区域上的地质资料,认为深熔作用与碰撞后伸展构造背景下基性岩浆底侵事件有关。     

张广才岭南段两个侏罗纪花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石化学分析,研究了张广才岭南段上营北岩体和帽儿山岩体的形成年代,地球化学特征和形成环境。上营北岩体为中粗粒钾长花岗岩,帽儿山岩体为中细粒黑云母钾长花岗岩。上营北岩体的加权平均年龄为178.9±2.7 Ma,帽儿山岩体为183.7±2.4 Ma,均为早侏罗世侵入岩。上营北岩体和帽儿山岩体主量元素都具有Si O_2和K_2O含量较高,Ti O_2、Mg O、Ca O含量较低,TFe O/Mg O值较高的特点;上营北岩体A/CNK=0.98~1.08,里特曼指数σ=1.51~2.66;帽儿山岩体含铝指数A/CNK=1.00~1.01,里特曼指数σ=2.12~2.36。上营北岩体稀土元素配分模式为海鸥型,轻重稀土分馏不明显;帽儿山岩体稀土元素配分模式为右倾型,轻稀土较重稀土富集;两个岩体均富集Rb、K,Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti、P、Ho、Er、U、Eu等元素出现不同程度的亏损。地球化学特征分析显示上营北岩体和帽儿山岩体均为A_2型花岗岩,为后造山型花岗岩,形成于兴蒙造山带后造山的伸展环境。     

内蒙古阿拉善右旗大山口地区黑云母花岗岩地球化学特征及成因

内蒙古自治区阿拉善右旗大山口地区发育有大面积侵入岩,主要为华力西中晚期和印支期酸性侵入岩体及各类脉岩。本次运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法获得黑云母花岗岩的成岩年龄为229.5±5.6 Ma,属晚三叠世,大山口黑云母花岗岩SiO_2含量68.89%～71.04%,相对富钾贫钠;A/NKC介于0.89～1.05,强烈富集强不相容元素,亏损高场强元素Na、Ta、Ti、P,Eu异常不明显,HREE呈近平坦型分布。通过黑云母花岗岩的成因研究和构造环境判别分析,认为大山口黑云母花岗岩为加厚的中下地壳物质拆沉进入地幔加热并发生部分熔融,且熔体可能与地幔基性熔体发生一定程度的混合作用后上升形成的花岗岩,形成于晚三叠世后碰撞伸展垮塌的构造环境。     

武夷山中段司前花岗岩体形成时代、地球化学特征及地质意义

本文对武夷山中段的司前岩体进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学、年代学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,司前岩体形成于(140±1)Ma,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩组成,富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=6.67 wt%~8.25 wt%),富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.16~2.41),A/CNK值介于1.01~1.25之间。岩体具有较高的∑REE(177.73×10~(-6)~427.88×10~(-6))、Zr+Nb+Y+Ce含量(262.6×10~(-6)~581.5×10~(-6))和Zr饱和温度(平均824°C),FeOt/MgO(3.06~3.93)和10 000×Ga/Al(2.64~3.28)比值均较高,属典型的铝质-过铝质A型花岗岩。岩体的锆石εHf(t)值均为负值(–18.6~–7.9),暗示其源于古老的地壳物质重熔。综合上述结果和区域背景推测,司前岩体的源岩为新元古代麻源群变质火山-碎屑岩,源岩可能经历早古生代和白垩纪两期熔融事件,地幔岩浆为花岗岩的形成提供了热源,但并未贡献物质,岩体的形成与古太平洋板块俯冲过程中因俯冲板片后撤诱发的弧后扩张作用有关。     

北淮阳东段西汤池岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年及成因

西汤池岩体位于安徽北淮阳地区舒城县西汤池一带。西汤池似斑状二长花岗岩具高硅、富碱质特征,为铝饱和碱性系列岩石。稀土元素含量中等,(La/Yb)_N与HREE/LREE值较高,重稀土相对轻稀土亏损明显,Eu呈弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型。大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、La、Nd等)明显富集,而高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等)亏损。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得西汤池二长花岗岩~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为(125.5±1.6)Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。基于前人关于北淮阳地区区域地质背景方面的研究成果和本次地球化学构造环境判别方面的研究,认为西汤池二长花岗岩属A_1型花岗岩,形成于后碰撞的伸展构造环境。     

广东良口黄田埔高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩地球化学特征及大地构造意义

广州从化区良口亚髻山霞石正长岩为典型岩石遗迹,在碱性岩体野外填图研究过程中,新发现东侧分布有黄田埔高分异花岗岩,形成时间约(146±13)Ma,为晚侏罗世岩浆活动产物。元素地球化学特征显示硅高、钾富、分异指数高、Rb/Sr比值高以及Rb/Ba、Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf、TFeO/MgO比值低;稀土元素ΣREE平均值为248 g/t,ΣCe/ΣYb平均值为2.34,δEu(0.16)负异常明显;Ga(×10~4)/Al比值较低(平均值为3.47),Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量(平均值为264g/t)低于A型花岗岩(350 g/t);I(Sr)值为0.691 8~0.712 8,平均值为0.708 1;ε_(Nd)(t)值为-3.5~-10.0,平均值为-6.7。元素地球化学、同位素地球化学和同位素年代学综合研究结果表明,岩株的形成可能与上地幔岩浆分异有关,为高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩。     

新疆四顶黑山花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及地质意义

新疆东天山位于中亚造山带南缘,天山—兴安造山系北天山造山带东段,发育大量泥盆纪—石炭纪花岗岩,其形成过程多与觉罗塔格洋的俯冲作用有关。四顶黑山花岗岩体位于东天山觉罗塔格构造岩浆带的东端,岩体在地表呈不规则状产出,侵位于元古界片岩-变火山岩、奥陶系变玄武岩和泥盆系雀儿山群火山岩;主要岩石类型为花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为380.4 Ma±3.7 Ma,表明岩体形成于晚泥盆世。岩石表现出高硅(w(SiO_2)=64.87%~74.71%)、高碱(w(K_2O)=3.35%~4.68%,w(Na_2O)=2.26%~3.85%)、富铝(w(Al_2O_3)=11.82%~14.13%)和低MgO(w(MgO)=0.56%~2.12%)、CaO(w(CaO)=1.68%~3.74%)、TiO_2(w(TiO_2)=0.26%~0.57%)、P_2O_5(w(P_2O5)=0.01%~0.19%)特征,A/CNK=0.83~1.00;富集Ba、K、La、Ce、Nd,亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti,铕负异常较明显(δEu=0.70~0.73);具有岛弧型花岗岩特征。四顶黑山花岗岩体形成于岛弧环境,属于觉罗塔格洋向南俯冲过程中的产物。四顶黑山花岗岩体两侧的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的形成时代应晚于晚泥盆世。