Climate change in southern Illinois, USA, based on the age and δC of organic matter in cave sediments

Matrix-supported diamicton and uniform to laminated, silty, fine-grained sediment deposited from about 42,500 to 27,600 cal yr B.P. under slackwater conditions nearly filled two caves in southwestern Illinois. At some point, most of the sediment was flushed from the caves and from about 22,700 to 4000 cal yr B.P., floods deposited a drape of sandy and silty sediment on remnant slackwater successions, cobbly alluvium, and bedrock (especially from 7700 to 4000 cal yr B.P.). Clay mineral analyses of the slackwater cave sediment reveal a provenance of chiefly Petersburg Silt, a smectite- and illite-rich proglacial lacustrine unit present in the overlying Illinois Episode glacial succession. Today, remnants of the ancient subterranean slackwater deposits nearly fill several secondary passages and, in at least two locations, cover a cobble-mantled strath terrace 1.3 to 1.5 m above active stream channels. Slumping and sinkhole formation appear to have been important mechanisms for deposition of the ancient subterranean deposits. Slumping of these surficial deposits and associated vegetation can occur along the flanks of sinkholes (in addition to sinkhole formation) and enter caves; however, the finer organics, some of them comminuted during transport into the caves, become part of the cave alluvium. This finer organic fraction is the modern analog of the humified organic matter disseminated in slackwater sediment dated in this investigation by radiocarbon methods. Twenty-four ¹⁴C ages on humified organic matter provide chronologic control. The δ¹³C values of the organic matter reflect the proportion of C₄-type to C₃-type vegetation growing in and around swallets and sinkholes at the time of redeposition. Drought-tolerant C₄-type vegetation was more prevalent relative to C₃-type vegetation from 42,500 to 31,200 cal yr B.P. compared to conditions from 28,800 cal yr B.P. to the present. The δ¹³C values are consistent with the results from other investigations of speleothems and organic matter from loessial paleosols.     

洞穴滴石石笋与陆地古环境记录研究进展

洞穴碳酸盐沉积与其它自然材料相比 ,具有分布广 ,时间跨度大 ,生长机制对环境敏感 ,保存信息完整 ,适合于 U系测年等特点。可与海洋沉积物、冰芯、树轮相媲美。尤其是洞穴滴石石笋为大陆气候替代指标提供了一类独特的数据源。从稳定同位素地球化学、石笋微层、微量元素地球化学、洞穴碳酸盐结晶学和岩石学等方面论述了该领域的最新研究进展。如利用洞穴碳酸盐δ函数定量地分离出纯的温度信号 ;利用石笋碳同位素变化及草原与森林生态系统光合作用的差异特征 ,恢复草原 -森林间的演变过程 ,显示了其在全球变化研究中的重要地位和作用。     

Cave sedimentation in the new Guinea highlands

This paper investigates the nature and processes of sedimentation of allogenic cave deposits in the high relief, everwet karsts of montane New Guinea. Under the high intensity rainfall regime, episodic mass movements in small karst catchments provide a wide range of sediment textures from clayey gravels to fine clays. These allogenic sediments are deposited into pools of water within the caves, giving sedimentary structures analogous to turbidites. Diamictons within the cave relate to episodic mudflows in the catchment. These deposits move as fluidized masses in a manner similar to some esker deposits. Cross-stratified sediments are formed by dumping of pulses of sediment laden water into deep pools. Extremely fine-grained clays and muds accrete parallel to underlying surfaces following flood pulses. These deposits represent the last phase of catchment instability, when a small amount of slopewash occurs. Catchment processes are dominated by solution and episodic mass movements. When the thick root mat which masks the ground is disrupted, some slopewash occurs but it is not a major component in catchment processes.     

Analysis of the karst aquifer structure of the Lamalou area (Hérault, France) with ground penetrating radar

The study site at Lamalou karst spring (Hortus karst plateau) is situated 40 km north of Montpellier in France. It consists of a limestone plateau, drained by a karst conduit discharging as a spring. This conduit extends for a few dozen meters in fractured and karstified limestone rocks, 15 to 70 m below the surface. The conduit is accessible from the surface. The main goal of this study is to analyze the surface part of the karst and to highlight the karstic features and among them the conduit, and to test the performances of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in a karstic environment. This method thus appears particularly well adapted to the analysis of the near-surface (<30 m in depth) structure of a karst, especially when clayey coating or soil that absorbs and attenuates the radar is rare and discontinuous. A GPR pulseEKKO 100 (Sensors and Software) was used on the site with a 50-MHz antenna frequency. The results highlight structures characterizing the karstic environment: the epikarst, bedding planes, fractured and karstified zones, compact and massive rock and karrens, a typical karst landform. One of the sections revealed in detail the main conduit located at a depth of 20 m, and made it possible to determine its geometry. This site offers possibilities of validation of the GPR data by giving direct access to the karstic conduits and through two cored boreholes. These direct observations confirm the interpretation of all the GPR sections.     

北京石花洞氡浓度的研究

通过对石花洞为各层氡浓度的测定，发现石花洞的氡浓度比广西岩溶洞穴的氡浓度要高，只是 与其周围的银狐洞、云水洞和国外洞穴相比要低。并根据国际放射防护委员会１９９０年建议书的规定，制定了石花洞内工作人员工作时间上限。     

贵州荔波董歌洞较老石笋ICP-MS~(230)Th测年研究及古气候应用

石笋记录研究的进展与测年技术的发展密不可分,测年新技术的突破不断推动利用石笋重建古气候研究的飞速前进。在利用石笋进行古气候重建过程中,建立精确的时标是首要条件。通过对较老(>250ka)石笋的ICP-MS230Th测年研究,发现贵州荔波董歌洞D6、D7、D9石笋具有比较连续的高分辨记录,最老年龄超过400ka,通过230Th测年数据的分析为建立我国西南地区500ka以来标准剖面打下基础;对董歌洞3根大型石笋135个230Th年龄数据及生长速率的分析研究,发现石笋生长速率在大尺度的变化上与海洋沉积SPECMAP曲线δ18O记录有很好的负相关关系,并与北纬25°夏季太阳辐射能量变化曲线呈一定的正相关关系,石笋生长速率的变化在间冰期处于高值,而在冰期时为低值,在间冰期和冰期转化阶段生长速率呈跳跃式变化。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去突变冷暖事件的变化,因此可以作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。     

短时间高强度旅游活动下洞穴CO2的变化特征及对滴水水文地球化学的响应

洞穴高强度旅游活动产生的CO₂对洞穴滴水水文地球化学及洞穴沉积物沉积具有重要影响。本文于2017年9月30日-10月9日对贵州绥阳大风洞洞穴CO₂、温度、相对湿度、游客数量及洞穴滴水水化学指标等进行连续监测,运用系统分析方法对各要素进行综合分析。结果发现：① 受游客数量和洞穴通风效应等因素影响,洞穴空气CO₂分压（PCO_2（A））在时间序列上呈现明显的昼夜变化和日际变化,表现为白昼高、夜间低,游客多的天数高,游客少的天数低。在空间变化上,由于通风程度和洞腔体积不同,不同监测点PCO_2（A）存在明显差异,由洞内深处至洞口分别为3#（神泉玉露）>1#（时光隧道）>2#（夜明珠）;② 通过比较PCO_2（A）和滴水水温,前者对CO₂溶解度影响比后者更为显著,表明PCO_2（A）是洞穴沉积过程中最重要的驱动因素之一;③ 洞穴滴水水温、滴水PCO₂分压（PCO_2（W））与PCO_2（A）变化趋势大体一致,也呈现出明显的昼夜变化和日际变化。pH、SIc和HCO₃^-变化趋势大体上与PCO_2（A）相反,EC和Ca²⁺则无明显的昼夜变化,但存在一定的日际变化。随着旅游活动强度的增加,滴水水化学变化幅度逐渐增大。此外,不同滴水点所在洞腔结构、大小、封闭程度等不同,使PCO_2（A）的扩散和通风程度存在差异,进而影响洞穴滴水水化学组分和洞穴沉积物沉积状况。因此,本研究对于洞穴环境保护和管理及其岩溶洞穴碳循环的研究具有重要意义。     

Asian Hydroclimate Changes and Mechanisms in the Preboreal from an Annually‐laminated Stalagmite,Daoguan Cave,Southern China

One-year-resolved and annually-counted stalagmite multi-proxies(δ~(18)O, δ~(13)C, and layer width) from Daoguan Cave, Guizhou Province revealed detailed variability regarding the Asian Summer Monsoon(ASM) and local humidity across Bond events(BE) in the Preboreal. During BEs 8 and 7, 1.5‰ enrichments in δ~(18)O values were generally consistent with high-to low-latitude climate changes. In detail, the decadal-scale minor δ~(18)O oscillations in BE8 were broadly less than the mean value, in contrast to the significant changes in local soil moisture derived from the δ~(13)C values and layer records. In the mid-BE7, δ~(18)O variability was generally above the average level, and higher-amplitude variations were observed in the three proxy indicators. Wavelet analysis on the total δ~(18)O time series and across the specific time windows of BEs 8 and 7 identified periodicities of about 130, 60, and 20-a, respectively. Exceptionally strong in BE7, the 60-a cycle, pervasively observed in instrumental studies, became prominent starting at 11.4 kaBP. Thus, glacial background conditions are important for suppressing the ASM intensity in BE8, while during BE7, tropical hydrological circulations were potentially actively involved. Consequently, climate internal oscillations, analogous to modern conditions, might have occurred in the distant past once the link between the tropical ocean and atmosphere was established as occurs today.     

摄影测量数字成图系统中地物数据拓扑关系的自动建立

介绍摄影测量数字成图系统中地物数据拓扑关系的自动建立,该算法是摄影测量数字成图系统中的一个重要子模块,用户不用输入其它相关信息,可直接利用地物数据自动生成结点、多边形及内点。该算法已达到实用化阶段,并已在实际生产作业中使用     

河北临城白云洞洞穴旅游对洞穴CO2 浓度及温度的影响

河北临城白云洞碳酸钙景观极其丰富但风化严重。2000年“五一”黄金周对白云洞的客流量、温度、洞穴空气中的CO2 浓度进行了系统的观测研究,并在8月、10月旅游淡季进行了对比观测。研究结果表明,洞穴旅游活动对洞穴的温度和CO2 浓度的变化有主控作用。白云洞在“五一”长假游开始前最低CO2 浓度为600ppm, “五一”这一天当游客量达到5800人时,大洞厅中的CO2 达到4400ppm,温度提高了1. 1℃ ,而狭小洞厅中CO2 浓度可达到5800ppm,温度提高了2. 3℃。当洞穴旅游高峰连续维持多日时,洞穴中的CO2 还会累积增加。如5月2日的游客达到4000多人时,狭小洞厅CO2 达到7000ppm。旅游高峰期,洞穴CO2 往往经过一个晚上的扩散和流动后,也回不到本底值。但洞穴温度的累积不很明显。