Spatial heterogeneity of soil mineral oxide components in depression between karst hills,Southwest China

In karst regions,the spatial heterogeneity of soil mineral oxides and environmental variables is still not clear.We investigated the spatial heterogeneity of SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,CaO,MgO,P2O5,K2O,and MnO contents in the soils of slope land,plantation forest,secondary forest,and primary forest,as well as their relationships with environmental variables in a karst region of Southwest China.Geostatistics,principal component analysis(PCA),and canonical correlation analysis(CCA)were applied to analyze the field data.The results show that SiO2was the predominant mineral in the soils(45.02%–67.33%),followed by Al2O3and Fe2O3.Most soil mineral oxide components had a strong spatial dependence,except for CaO,MgO,and P2O5in the plantation forest,MgO and P2O5in the secondary forest,and CaO in the slope land.Dimensionality reduction in PCA was not appropriate due to the strong spatial heterogeneity in the ecosystems.Soil mineral oxide components,the main factors in all ecosystems,had greater influences on vegetation than those of conventional soil properties.There were close relationships between soil mineral oxide components and vegetation,topography,and conventional soil properties.Mineral oxide components affected species diversity,organic matter and nitrogen levels.     

Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: Options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

For nearly a decade, governments have been discussing the need to improve efforts to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Support for a new international agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – an Implementing Agreement – on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ has been growing. In June 2012, at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, States agreed to take a decision on the development of an international instrument under UNCLOS before the end of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), which runs from September 2014 to August 2015. In follow-up to this commitment, it was agreed to consider the “scope, parameters and feasibility” of this instrument. To inform these international discussions, this article highlights some potential options for the content of a new UNCLOS Implementing Agreement. It first reviews the history of UN discussions, and then elaborates on options to address key elements identified as priorities for States in 2011: marine genetic resources, including the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. It addresses cross-cutting issues such as the governing principles, institutional structure as well as on other critical points such as High Seas fishing and flag State responsibilities. The article concludes with suggestions on possible next steps in order to succeed in the negotiations for an agreement.     

基于PSR 模型的厦门湾中华白海豚资源评价

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis Osbeck,1765)为国家Ⅰ级重点野生保护动物,厦门湾作为其在中国的主要分布区之一,自20世纪80年代以来,海岸带开发活动和环境污染程度均不断加大,导致此海域中华白海豚的生存环境不断恶化,种群数量日趋减少,资源状况面临严重威胁。作者采用PSR(压力-状态-响应)模型框架,对厦门湾中华白海豚资源面临的主要环境压力、当前的资源状态以及采取的保护响应措施进行了一个较全面的评价,评价结果认为:围填海工程、船只交通、水下爆破作业和陆源排污等人类活动给厦门湾中华白海豚带来了生境缩小、身体伤害、环境污染和饵料短缺等严重影响,厦门市已采取的保护政策响应包括就地保护、迁地保护和公共管理等方面,目前种群资源数量稳定在80头左右并有潜力扩大。基于评价结果,作者提出了加强保护的建议和策略,可为厦门以外海区的中华白海豚保护工作提供参考。     

GIS软件在油气长输管道项目矿（产）权确认中的应用

通过在西气东输三线西段（二标段）管道工程项目运用,很好的解决了对矿（产）区、集体用地的矿（产）权确认,为管道经过矿（产）权区确定合理的补偿金额提供科学谈判依据;有效减少了补偿损失;为今后在长输管道穿越矿（产）区、集体用地的补偿提供了测算手段和方法,形成的补偿协议对管道运营单位确定管道权益和维护使用也具有现实意义。     

A global satellite view of the seasonal distribution of mineral dust and its correlation with atmospheric circulation

Aerosols make a considerable contribution to the climate system through their radiative and cloud condensation nuclei effects, which underlines the need for understanding the origin of aerosols and their transport pathways. Seasonal distribution of mineral dust around the globe and its correlation with atmospheric circulation is investigated using satellite data, and meteorological data from ECMWF. The most important sources of dust are located in North Africa, the Middle East and Southwest Asia with an observed summer maximum, and East Asia with a spring peak. Maximum dust activity over North Africa and the Middle East in summer is attributed to dry convection associated with the summertime low-pressure system, while unstable weather and dry conditions are responsible for the spring peak in dust emission in East Asia. Intercontinental transport of mineral dust by atmospheric circulation has been observed, including trans-Atlantic transport of North African dust, trans-Pacific transport of Asian dust, and transport of dust from the Middle East across the Indian Ocean. The extent of African dust over the Atlantic Ocean and its latitudinal variation with season is related to the large-scale atmospheric circulation, including seasonal changes in the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and variation of wind patterns. North African aerosols extend over longer distances across the North Atlantic in summer because of greater dust emission, an intensified easterly low level jet (LLJ) and strengthening of the Azores-Bermuda anticyclonic circulation. Transport of East Asian aerosol is facilitated by the existence of a LLJ that extends from East Asia to the west coast of North America.     

Emergence of co-management governance for Hawai‘i coral reef fisheries

Governance failures associated with top-down management have spawned a myriad of institutional arrangements to engage resource users in decision-making through co-management. Although co-management can take many forms and may not always lead to positive outcomes, it has emerged as a promising governance option available to meet social and ecological goals. Recent research on co-management of small-scale fisheries has used comparative approaches to test factors associated with social and ecological success. Less is known however, about how co-management institutional arrangements emerge and persist in the face of socioeconomic and environmental change. Here, we examine the emergence of co-management governance using a case study from coral reef fisheries in the Hawaiian Islands. We used a mixed methods approach, combining a robust policy analysis and a set of key respondent interviews to trace the evolution of this co-management arrangement. Our research uncovers a set of linked drivers and social responses, which together comprise the emergence phase for the evolution of co-management in this case study. Drivers include resource depletion and conflict, and social responses comprise self-organization, consensus building, and collective action. We share insights on key factors that affect these phases of emergence, drawing on empirical findings from our policy review and key respondent interviews. We conclude by describing ways that our findings can directly inform policy and planning in practice, including the importance of documenting the ‘creation story’ that spawned the new institutional arrangement, ensuring that enabling conditions are present, the complexity of defining community, the connection between process legitimacy and outcomes, and understanding the costs and timelines associated with co-management governance transitions.     

扬州市江都区地热资源前景分析

江都区位于宁通隆起与苏北坳陷接合部,具有良好的地热地质开发利用前景。地热资源主要为传导型,分为孔隙型和岩溶裂隙型2个地热系统。根据地热地质条件分为北部、中部及南部3个地热资源分区。北部以孔隙型为主,中部、南部以构造裂隙型为主。预测可采地热水资源总量约11.18万m3/d,地热水温度40～68℃。     

山东省曹县城区地热资源地质条件综合研究

曹县城区地处鲁西南黄泛平原地区,该区地表被巨厚的第四系和新近系松散层覆盖,区域断裂构造十分发育,地热成矿地质条件有利。可被利用的热储层主要有2个,分别为新近纪明华镇组热储和奥陶纪热储,二个热储层地热资源各具特点。对该区可利用热储层地热资源地质条件进行了分析研究,为下一步曹县城区地热资源的开发利用提供参考性地质依据。     

DGSS及其相关软件在矿产勘查中的应用

DGSS可以利用掌上电脑实时地采集野外数据,也可以利用传统方法编录数据,在室内使用计算机进行数据整理和管理,并能够运用剖面法、地质块段法和地质统计学法进行储量计算。数据通过一次输入,就可以完成勘探线剖面图、探槽素描图、钻孔柱状图、矿体投影图等图件,同时结合Section、GEEMS等二次开发的辅助软件。进行地质数字化制图可以大大提高效率、节约工作时间,从而实现"数字地勘"。     

贝尔凹陷沉凝灰岩储层片钠铝石前体矿物研究

为拓展CO2封存的储层选取范围,研究CO2充注过的储层中矿物的赋存状态,通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、X--射线衍射分析及铸体图像分析等技术对贝尔凹陷含片钠铝石储层进行了系统研究。研究区发育片钠铝石的岩石类型为沉凝灰岩,储层深度范围为882.26~941.4 m,该类储层发育有2类9种储集空间类型,以次生孔隙为主,属于低孔低渗储层。岩石骨架碎屑颗粒石英、长石、岩屑均有不同程度溶蚀;自生矿物以片钠铝石、铁白云石和菱铁矿为主。片钠铝石主要以充填溶蚀孔隙或交代颗粒的形式产出。综合研究区岩相学、矿物含量和热力学分析结果,长石和片钠铝石的生成具有亲缘性,为片钠铝石的形成提供了必要的元素和生长空间。