四川天宝山铅锌矿成矿物质来源与成矿机制：来自流体包裹体及同位素地球化学制约

天宝山铅锌矿床位于扬子地台西缘,为川滇黔铅锌矿集区具有代表性大型铅锌矿床,其金属储量(Pb+Zn)可达2.6Mt,铅锌品位10%～15%。本文在系统的分析流体包裹体和C、H、O、S、Pb、Sr同位素研究的基础上,确定其成矿物质来源、成矿流体性质及来源,并探讨其成矿机制。H-O同位素及流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体具有中低温(均一温度峰值为140～200℃)及中低盐度(盐度峰值为6%～12% NaCleqv)的特征。灯影组白云岩与海相沉积碳酸盐岩的C、O同位素组成较为相似,热液方解石与含矿白云岩O同位素组成均稍低于灯影组白云岩,表明成矿流体中的CO_2可能来源于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解。矿区硫化物δ~(34)S值介于1.1‰～7.5‰之间,表明S主要来源于灯影组中硫酸盐热化学还原作用和岩浆硫的混合。矿石硫化物的Pb同位素比值在Pb演化图解上主要落入上地壳与造山带之间,表明Pb具有壳源特征,成矿物质来源主要来自于盖层沉积岩和基底地层。闪锌矿的~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr值(0.71099～0.71856)及热液方解石~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr值(0.71014～0.71169)均高于灯影组白云岩~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr值(0.70773～0.71026),表明成矿流体流经了具有高~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr值的基底地层,并与其发生水岩反应及同位素交换。     

Source identification of methane in groundwater in shale gas development areas: A critical review of the state of the art,prospects, and future challenges

Shale gas exploration and development carry the risk of causing groundwater contamination and enhancing the greenhouse effect through methane leakage. Identifying the source of abnormal methane in groundwater of shale gas development areas is becoming a research hotspot in the fields of groundwater and climate change. This paper reviews the traditional methodology in identifying sources of methane and its deficiency in groundwater application. Then potential and advantages of using noble gases were discussed on how to overcome these limitations of the traditional method. Finally, based on noble gas, the current application status and future challenges of methane source identification in groundwater were analyzed. It can be summarized as:(1) due to chemical and/or microbial processes in the aquifer system, the traditional methodology for methane source identification, which utilizes molecular and isotopic compositions of hydrocarbon gas, has multiple interpretationsand large uncertainties;(2) the non-reactive nature and well-characterized isotopic compositions of noble gases in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and crust, make noble gases ideal indicators of the sources of methane in groundwater. Moreover, the mechanism of formation and release of crustal noble gas prevent shale gas signatures from being interfered with by natural gas;(3) the key scientific tasks surrounding the use of noble gases for methane source identification include quantitatively separating the components of atmosphere-derived, mantle-derived, and crust-derived noble gases from the bulk noble gases in groundwater. It quantifies the solubility fractionation of noble gases induced by water-gas interaction during methane migration to the aquifer. The application of noble gases can bring a new perspective to tracing the source of methane in groundwater and is of great significance to the protection of groundwater quality in shale gas development areas and mitigation of climate change.     

云南富乐铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及成因

富乐铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘的川滇黔铅锌成矿域东南部,受弥勒-师宗-水城区域性深大断裂构造控制,矿体呈似层状隐伏于中二叠统阳新组层间构造带内,赋矿围岩为白云岩。矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿,方铅矿和黄铁矿次之,含少量黄铜矿和黝铜矿等,脉石矿物主要为方解石和白云石。矿石构造主要有致密块状、浸染状和网脉状,金属矿物主要呈自形、半自形或他形粒状结构,其次为交代残余结构。已累计探明Pb+Zn金属资源量超过50万吨,平均品位大于10%Pb+Zn,最高达60%Pb+Zn,并伴随大量Cu和分散元素(如Cd、Ga、Ge等),显示其成矿环境极为特殊。本次工作通过详细的矿床地质和C-O、S及Pb同位素地球化学研究,旨在揭示该矿床的成矿物质来源及矿床成因。方解石的δ~(13)C值介于1.25‰~2.01‰之间,均值为1.64‰,与海相碳酸盐岩相似,而高于地幔和沉积有机质;δ~(18)O值为17.21‰~17.74‰,均值为17.49‰,介于海相碳酸盐岩(沉积有机质)和地幔之间。这表明方解石的C很可能来自碳酸盐岩围岩,而O同位素很可能受到流体与围岩间的水/岩相互作用影响。硫化物的δ~(34)S值介于10.04‰~16.43‰之间,均值为14.12‰,显示富集重S同位素的特征,表明成矿流体中S主要来源于沉积地层中的膏岩层,是海水硫酸盐岩热化学还原作用的产物。单颗粒方铅矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.5295~18.6100(均值为18.5640),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.6938~15.7024(均值为15.6974),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.5690~38.6568(均值为38.6008),其变化范围很窄,且与区域沉积岩和基底变质岩范围重叠,表明成矿金属Pb主要由沉积地层和基底岩石共同提供。综合矿床地质以及C-O、S和Pb同位素资料,本文认为富乐是一个形成于三叠纪拉张向挤压再向伸展的构造体制转换背景下、以碳酸盐岩为容矿围岩、受背斜和层间构造控制的层控、后生、富分散元素和高品位铅锌矿床,其成矿特征很可能是峨眉山岩浆作用和印支造山运动共同作用的结果。     

大兴安岭中南段扎木钦铅锌银多金属矿床成矿物质来源及矿床成因:来自S、Pb同位素的制约

扎木钦铅锌银矿床位于内蒙古科尔沁右翼中旗,是近些年来在大兴安岭中南段地区新发现的一处大型多金属矿床。扎木钦矿床矿体主要呈脉状、透镜状、层状、似层状赋存于白音高老组中酸性火山岩中;根据矿石的结构、构造以及矿物之间的共生组合、穿切关系,划分出毒砂-黄铁矿阶段、铅锌金属硫化物阶段、银矿物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段四个主要成矿阶段。在对矿床成矿地质条件详细总结研究的基础上,为探讨扎木钦多金属矿床成矿物质来源及矿床成因,本文对矿床中主要金属硫化物开展了S、Pb同位素组成分析。硫同位素测试结果表明扎木钦矿床中δ~(34)S值为4. 4‰～5. 8‰,平均值为5. 05‰,数值均一,变化范围小,具有塔式分布特征,指示硫来源于深源岩浆。铅同位素测试结果为:~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb值为17. 761～18. 291,平均值为18. 130;~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值为15. 509～15. 671,平均值为15. 593;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值为37. 800～38. 205,平均值为38. 032,上述结果显示其铅同位素组成稳定。μ值为9. 30～9. 69,ω值变化范围为34. 57～38. 15。各项分析数据及图解指示铅具有壳幔混合来源特征。扎木钦矿床硫铅同位素组成与大兴安岭地区成矿物质为岩浆来源的金属矿床特征极为相似,矿床成矿与早白垩世火山岩浆活动关系密切,是深部岩浆流体逐步演化的产物,矿床成因类型为陆相火山热液型铅锌银多金属矿床。     

Climatic Character of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e in the Representative Regions of the World: A Review

The Last Interglacial or Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, is of great interest because it serves as an analog for the Holocene. The climate change and duration during Marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e are considerably well understood for recent and future climate. Despite great interest in this subject over many years, a number of issues concerning the climate circumstances of MIS 5e are by no means resolved. We analyzed 35 published palaeoclimate records with reliable chronologies and robust proxies in typical region of the world to evaluate climate change during MIS 5e. These data indicate that: ① The duration of this warm phase is thought to range from (128±2) ka to (116±2) ka. The climate of MIS 5e was likely relatively stable with a number of abrupt, weak amplitude, cool and/or arid events. And the difference between regions is noticeable for the occurrence, amplitude, onset and duration of these events. For example, marine records from the North Atlantic indicate that the climate of MIS 5e was relatively stable, however the records from Norwegian sea show that the climate of MIS 5e had a significant changes at the beginning and cold event in the Mid-Eemian; The δ¹⁸O, δD and CH₄ in the ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica imply that climate was relatively stable during the last interglacial period, while in Europe from the north to the south the duration of this phase became shorter and the intensity of climatic events became stronger. In addition, the climatic conditions of MIS 5e reconstructed by climate proxy from China are various and have the subject of some controversy. ②The global climate response to the insolation forcing would have been uniform on suborbital timescale. Nevertheless, as a result of regional sundry climatic forcing factors, global millennial-scale/century-scale climate oscillations were marked by significant local features during stage 5e. ③ Based on the better chronological controls, the estimation of climate parameters, the high-resolution climate records, and precise knowledge of the phase relationship between climate changes in global, the earlier depiction for climate circumstances and environment change during Marine Isotope Stage 5e should be refined and our understanding of the climate dynamics and mechanism and climate modelling should be improved.     

贵州镇远地区铅锌矿同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

通过对镇远地区金堡、都坪、小溪铅锌矿床开展碳、氧、硫同位素地球化学特征研究.结果显示：都坪和小溪矿床成矿物质来自于海相蒸发岩或沉积地层,金堡矿床成矿物质很有可能来自于地壳深部的岩浆源.结合区域构造及矿床特征分析,可以认为镇远地区铅锌矿床可分为与海相沉积地层及深部岩浆作用有关的两种成因类型的矿床.     

汉诺坝-阳原火成碳酸岩成因探讨

大多数幔源硅酸盐岩浆都含少量碳酸盐岩浆,这些少量的碳酸盐岩浆在地幔演化中起了非同寻常的作用。本文报道了发现于汉诺坝、阳原地区新生代玄武岩中鲜见的火成碳酸岩。碳酸岩脉贯穿于玄武岩及其捕虏体橄榄岩,并导致橄榄岩强烈的碳酸盐化现象。碳酸岩脉主要由方解石组成(90%以上),岩石类型为方解石碳酸岩,含少量被裹挟的地幔橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和尖晶石等矿物。碳酸岩化橄榄岩由原先的黄、绿色变为紫褐色,灰白色网状碳酸岩细脉穿插其中。碳酸岩脉和碳酸盐化橄榄岩的全岩稀土含量很低(∑REE=8.7×10-6～13.7×10-6),球粒陨石标准化REE模式呈LREE略微富集(～10×球粒陨石)分布模式,微量元素也只显示轻微富集(数倍于原始地幔),它们的δ13C均为负值(-11.2‰～-12.3‰),δ18O均为正值(22.0‰～22.6‰)。碳酸岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成均显示富集(87Sr/86Sr=0.7078～0.7079,143Nd/144Nd=0.5129,206Pb/204Pb=18.0,207Pb/204Pb=15.5,208Pb/204Pb=38.0)。由于碳酸盐岩浆喷出地表后易于风化,导致REE、微量元素和同位素组成明显偏离原生火成碳酸岩。但从张北少数新鲜碳酸岩所具有的原生火成碳酸岩的C、O同位素组成(δ13C=-5.7‰～-7.3‰,δ18O=8.5‰～10.1‰)特征,以及接沙坝碳酸岩的正εNd(5.3～5.5)为亏损地幔的特征,表明汉诺坝碳酸岩与玄武岩的同源性——它们都来自地幔。     

甘露醇对石墨存在下Cs_2BO_2~ 离子热电离质谱法测定硼同位素的影响

对石墨涂样检测 Cs2 BO2 离子条件下甘露醇对硼同位素测定的影响进行了研究 ,结果表明在甘露醇存在下 11B/ 10 B比值明显高于只有石墨存在时的比值。硼 -甘露醇络合物的形成可能改变了 Cs2 BO2 -石墨方法的电离和蒸发条件。     

Isotopic fractionation associated with biosynthesis of fatty acids by a marine bacterium under oxic and anoxic conditions

Shewanella putrefaciens (Strain MR-4), a gram negative facultative marine bacterium, was grown to stationary phase under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions using lactate as the sole carbon source. Aerobically-produced cells were slightly enriched in ¹³C (+1.5‰) relative to the lactate carbon source, whereas those from anaerobic growth were depleted in ¹³C (−2.2‰). The distribution of fatty acids produced under aerobic conditions was similar to that resulting from anaerobic growth, being dominated by C_16:1 ω7 and C_16:0 fatty acids with a lesser amount of the C_18:1 ω7 component. Low concentrations of saturated even numbered normal fatty acids in the C₁₄ to C₁₈ range, and iso-C_15:0 were synthesized under both conditions. Fatty acids from anaerobic cultures (average δ¹³C=−37.8‰) were considerably depleted in ¹³C relative to their aerobically-synthesized counterparts (−28.8‰). The distinct differences in isotopic composition of both whole cells and individual fatty acid components result from differences in assimilation pathways. Under aerobic conditions, the primary route of assimilation involves the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex which produces acetyl-CoA, the precursor to lipid synthesis. In contrast, under anaerobic conditions formate, and not acetate, is the central intermediate in carbon assimilation with the precursors to fatty acid synthesis being produced via the serine pathway. Anaerobically-produced bacterial fatty acids were depleted by up to 12‰ relative to the carbon source. Therefore, detection of isotopically depleted fatty acids in sediments may be falsely attributed to a terrestrial origin, when in fact they are the result of bacterial resynthesis.     

Groundwater Renewal in the Middle Odra River Catchment Based on Flow Model and Isotopic Data – the Lubin Głogów Copper Region,Poland

In the area of intense mining within the Lubin Głogów Copper Region the investigation of groundwater renewal was made according to two methods: a numerical flow model and isotopic analysis. The results of model simulations show that within the shallow aquifer the groundwater renewal is quick and mostly depends on infiltration within the recharge zones. An average time of groundwater flow between recharge and discharge areas in the representative part of the entire system has been obtained as 130 years. The content of isotopes was determined in samples collected as well from the mine excavations as from water intakes. The measurements were done on 17 samples. Results of isotopic studies indicate that the relationship of δD – δ18O in groundwater gathers along the established local meteoric water line (MWL) δD = 7.58 δ18O + 4.45. Deep groundwaters that create an inflow to the mines were formed by infiltration in Holocene with reference to two of total four mines and probably in Eopleistocene in another two.