鲁西枣庄—临沂地区新元古界震碛岩的主要特征

鲁西枣庄—临沂地区新元古界碳酸盐岩系中,发育有由地震造成的同沉积构造现象,如微晶方解石脉、层内变形褶曲、层内微断层和内碎屑碳酸盐岩堆积等。野外实地观察、地质剖面测量和室内分析研究认为它们是由地震产生的强震动,使距震中一定范围的未固结沉积物经震动液化,震动变形形成的震积岩组合。根据其发育规律与组合特征,该地区震碛岩的形成应与古郯庐断裂在新元古代的活动密切相关。可初步确定为含有A、B和C3个震积岩单元的震动液化地震序列。     

塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层测井分类识别研究

塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩为一套缝洞发育的复杂储层,通过大量已知井的测井曲线与岩心分析数据对照观察、分析,归纳出了五种储层的电性分类识别标准。在此基础上,又利用自然伽玛(GR)、深浅侧向电阻率(Rd,Rs)、声波时差(AC)、密度(DEN)、中子孔隙度(CNL)的响应特征,建立了神经网络识别模型。通过在该区三十多口井的实际应用,取得了较好的效果。     

塔里木盆地西部碳酸盐岩成岩演化与储层形成关系

塔里木盆地西部碳酸盐岩的地质演化，主要经历了大气淡水成岩环境，海水成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境的改造，形成丰富的储人间类型和4种典型的孔隙结构特征，即溶孔－晶间孔复合型，粒间孔－粒间溶孔型，缝合线－微裂缝型和致密微孔型，大气淡水淋滤溶解作用和各种类型白云岩化作用有利于优质储层的形成，而胶结作用及压实，压溶作用则阻碍了储集空间的形成，奥陶系微晶灰岩和生屑灰岩由于主要经历了海水成岩－埋藏成岩环境的改造，胶结和压实作用特征明显，未能形成有效储集空间，整体属Ⅳ类差储集层，石炭系碳酸盐岩储层特征具有分区性，麦盖提斜坡区的储层物性明显优于巴楚隆起区，这与斜坡区碳酸盐岩遭后期大气淡水淋溶改造有关，古近系卡拉尔组碳酸盐岩经去膏化作用和大气淡水淋溶作用的复合改造，储层整体面貌呈Ⅲ-Ⅰ类的优良储层。     

黄土醋酸淋溶实验及其碳酸盐组分的地球化学特征

选择性的化学淋溶实验 ,广泛用于沉积物的地球化学研究中。通过对比 1mol/L的盐酸和醋酸两种溶剂对黄土和古土壤的淋溶效果 ,发现 1mol/L的醋酸能选择性淋溶黄土和古土壤中碳酸盐组分 ,对硅酸盐、铁的氧化物等影响很小。在确定溶剂后 ,以 1mol/L醋酸溶液选择性淋溶了洛川剖面 4 3个黄土和古土壤样品 ,通过分析淋溶液的组成 ,得出黄土和古土壤中碳酸盐组分的平均成分 (wB)为 :MgO 1.71% ,MnO 670× 10 - 6 ,Sr 4 90× 10 - 6 。淋溶结果较好地反映了黄土-古土壤剖面的风化成壤程度 ,其中醋酸淋溶液中MnO含量能更好地反映当时的古气候信息。     

High-pressure experimental growth of diamond using C–K2CO3–KCl as an analogue for Cl-bearing carbonate fluid

High-pressure, high-temperature diamond growth experiments have been conducted in the system C–K₂CO₃–KCl at 1050–1420 °C, 7.0–7.7 GPa. KCl is of interest because of the strong effect of halogens on the phase relations of carbonate-rich systems [Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (2003) 1022] and because of the occurrence of KCl coexisting with alkali silicate–carbonate fluids in natural-coated diamond [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 717]. We have used system C–K₂CO₃–KCl as an analogue for these mantle fluids in diamond growth experiments. The presence of KCl reduces the potassium carbonate liquidus to ≤1000 °C at 7.7 GPa, allowing it to act as a solvent catalyst for diamond growth at temperatures below the continental geotherm. This is a reduction on the minimum diamond growth temperature reported in the alkali-carbonate–C–O–H system [Lithos 60 (2002) 145]. Diamond growth using carbonate solvent catalysts is characterised by a relatively long induction period. However, the addition of KCl also reduced the period for diamond growth in carbonate to 5 min; no such induction period appears to be necessary. It is suggested that KCl destabilises carbonate, allowing greater solubility and diffusion of carbon.     

碳酸盐沉积物的成岩作用

化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用.碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石.在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征.因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定.     

安徽无为-巢湖地区中下二叠统碳酸盐岩成岩作用

成岩作用控制孔隙演化,对油气开采具有重要的指示作用.安徽无为-巢湖地区中下二叠统碳酸盐岩广泛发育,有机质丰富,多年来主要集中在地层、古生物及沉积相方面的研究,成岩作用的工作较少.镜下鉴定显示研究区发育溶解作用、去白云化作用、压溶作用、破裂作用4种主要的建设性成岩作用和泥晶化作用、压实作用、胶结作用、白云化作用、硅化作用...     

红藻石和蓝藻石概念及分类归属的综述和修订

在分析和总结前人对红藻石和蓝藻石研究成果基础上,结合岩石薄片显微镜下观察实例,发现在以往碳酸盐岩颗粒分类中没有红藻石和蓝藻石的合适位置。鉴于红藻石重要的成因意义和造礁作用,有必要明确红藻石的概念和归属。珊瑚藻本身极易钙化,经生物矿化作用最终保存下来的珊瑚藻屑一直放在生物碎屑中,而红藻石是由非固着的珊瑚藻构成的钙质独立结核,因此也可以被划分到生物碎屑中。蓝藻石作为蓝细菌钙化作用的产物,同时鉴于蓝藻石的广泛存在,把钙化蓝细菌形成的核形石命名为蓝藻石,这一重要概念从提出到现在一直被使用。然而蓝绿藻概念已变更为蓝细菌,蓝藻石的形成与藻类无关,显然将其称作蓝菌石更加确切。因此,应将红藻石和蓝藻石分别归为生物碎屑和核形石当中,并用新的术语蓝菌石替代蓝藻石。其意义在于使红藻石和蓝藻石的概念及归属更为规范,并为碳酸盐岩颗粒的深入研究提供有益线索。     

Exploring the impact of diagenesis on (isotope) geochemical and microstructural alteration features in biogenic aragonite

For the Quaternary and Neogene, aragonitic biogenic and abiogenic carbonates are frequently exploited as archives of their environment. Conversely, pre‐Neogene aragonite is often diagenetically altered and calcite archives are studied instead. Nevertheless, the exact sequence of diagenetic processes and products is difficult to disclose from naturally altered material. Here, experiments were performed to understand biogenic aragonite alteration processes and products. Shell subsamples of the bivalve Arctica islandica were exposed to hydrothermal alteration. Thermal boundary conditions were set at 100°C, 175°C and 200°C. These comparably high temperatures were chosen to shorten experimental durations. Subsamples were exposed to different ¹⁸O‐depleted fluids for durations between two and twenty weeks. Alteration was documented using X‐ray diffraction, cathodoluminescence, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, as well as conventional and clumped isotope analyses. Experiments performed at 100°C show redistribution and darkening of organic matter, but lack evidence for diagenetic alteration, except in Δ₄₇ which show the effects of annealing processes. At 175°C, valves undergo significant aragonite to calcite transformation and neomorphism. The δ¹⁸O signature supports transformation via dissolution and reprecipitation, but isotopic exchange is limited by fluid migration through the subsamples. Individual growth increments in these subsamples exhibit bright orange luminescence. At 200°C, valves are fully transformed to calcite and exhibit purple‐blue luminescence with orange bands. The δ¹⁸O and Δ₄₇ signatures reveal exchange with the aqueous fluid, whereas δ¹³C remains unaltered in all experiments, indicating a carbonate‐buffered system. Clumped isotope temperatures in high‐temperature experiments show compositions in broad agreement with the measured temperature. Experimentally induced alteration patterns are comparable with individual features present in Pleistocene shells. This study represents a significant step towards sequential analysis of diagenetic features in biogenic aragonites and sheds light on reaction times and threshold limits. The limitations of a study restricted to a single test organism are acknowledged and call for refined follow‐up experiments.     

塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭系低速异常碳酸盐岩的解释

巴麦地区即塔西南巴楚隆起-麦盖提斜坡,具有台地边缘-斜坡的古构造和古地理背景,这种台地边缘和典型的浅滩沉积暗示了该区具有发育生物礁的环境特征。区内先巴扎（XBZ）600 km²三维地震探区石炭系发育了巴楚组（C₁b）生屑灰岩及标准灰岩、小海子组（C₂x）3套灰岩,其中小海子组发现特殊响应碳酸盐岩,主要表现为厚度增大、频率增高、多出一条波峰同相轴的地震响应特征。通过差异厚度法、底面拉平法、地震属性法、正反演模型法,结合野外露头、岩心、镜下观察、录井、沉积相等综合分析,可初步推测该低速异常体为厚度增加、孔隙度增大的近东西向台地边缘障壁礁所致。礁体东西走向延伸超过25 km,礁核区小海子组灰岩最厚62 m,礁外的小海子组50 m。台缘斜坡南倾,坡度陡,水平宽度1~2 km。礁后生屑滩北倾,坡度缓,水平宽度3~6 km。受色力布亚断裂带遮挡,该生物礁储层可以形成有利圈闭,面积约为42 km²,厚约45 m。