伊拉克艾哈代布油田AD205H井钻井液技术

AD205H井是伊拉克艾哈代布油田的首口简化三开水平井,上部水敏泥岩易分散造浆、缩径,中部存在高压盐水层、燧石结核地层,储层灰岩含量高,从而增加了施工周期,制约了该区水平井发展步伐。针对上述钻井难点,开展了钻井液抑制性、抗温性、抗盐性、抗污染评价试验,研制了混油聚磺钻井液体系。现场应用表明,聚磺钻井液体系抗污染能力强,施工过程中性能稳定。对于上部水敏性泥浆有很强的抑制作用,对于下部易渗漏的灰岩地层有很好的封堵作用,减少了井下复杂事故的出现。此井为该地区简化井身结构第一口井,低密度优质钻井液保证了该井的顺利施工,创造了该油田钻井施工的多项纪录。     

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Iraq Using Complete Earthquake Catalogue Files

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been carried out for Iraq. The earthquake catalogue used in the present study covers an area between latitude 29°–38.5° N and longitude 39°–50° E containing more than a thousand events for the period 1905–2000. The entire Iraq region has been divided into thirteen seismogenic sources based on their seismic characteristics, geological setting and tectonic framework. The completeness of the seismicity catalogue has been checked using the method proposed by Stepp (1972). The analysis of completeness shows that the earthquake catalogue is not complete below M_s=4.8 for all of Iraq and seismic source zones S1, S4, S5, and S8, while it varies for the other seismic zones. A statistical treatment of completeness of the data file was carried out in each of the magnitude classes. The Frequency Magnitude Distributions (FMD) for the study area including all seismic source zones were established and the minimum magnitude of complete reporting (M_c) were then estimated. For the entire Iraq the M_c was estimated to be about M_s=4.0 while S11 shows the lowest M_c to be about M_s=3.5 and the highest M_c of about M_s=4.2 was observed for S4. The earthquake activity parameters (activity rate , b value, maximum regional magnitude m_max) as well as the mean return period (R) with a certain lower magnitude m_min m along with their probability of occurrence have been determined for all thirteen seismic source zones of Iraq. The maximum regional magnitude m_max was estimated as 7.87 ± 0.86 for entire Iraq. The return period for magnitude 6.0 is largest for source zone S3 which is estimated to be 705 years while the smallest value is estimated as 9.9 years for all of Iraq.The large variation of the b parameter and the hazard level from zone to zone reflects crustal heterogeneity and the high seismotectonic complexity. The seismic hazard near the source boundaries is directly and strongly affected by the change in the delineation of these boundaries. The forces, through which the geological structure along the plate boundary in Eastern and Northeastern Iraq are evolved, are still active causing stress-strain accumulation, deformation and in turn producing higher probabilities of earthquake activity. Thus, relatively large destructive earthquakes are expected in this region. The study is intended to serve as a reference for more advanced approaches and to pave the path for the probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard in this region.     

无固相KCl聚合物钻井液体系在伊拉克鲁迈拉油田的应用

伊拉克鲁迈拉油田三开地层存在大段的泥页岩,易发生剥落坍塌,储层砂岩段长,渗透性好,易发生渗漏和形成小井眼。钻井液体系从一开始单纯追求井下的稳定性,到兼顾井壁稳定、储层保护、S型和J型井的摩阻降低,最终形成了无固相KCl聚合物钻井液体系。主要从室内实验和现场应用方面详细阐述了体系的形成和现场应用效果。     

碳酸盐岩铸体薄片面孔自动提取研究

岩石孔隙是储层储集油气的重要场所,通过铸体薄片进行岩石孔隙结构分析对储层质量评价具有重要意义。碳酸盐岩孔隙结构较为复杂,铸体薄片图像中存在大量噪声和干扰因素,致使常规方法面孔提取效果不佳,因此本文引入一种多阈值铸体薄片面孔自动提取方法（ctsPore方法）进行孔隙区域提取和面孔率估计,方法综合利用HSV色彩空间中不同参数提取孔隙区域。本文针对碳酸盐岩储层的特点确定了一套ctsPore阈值参数,以解决溶蚀孔与噪声易混淆的问题。实验以伊拉克A油田中新统 Asmari组A段碳酸盐储层为例对所使用算法进行了效果检验。算法精度和效率分析实验表明,基于ctsPore方法的碳酸盐岩铸体薄片面孔提取误差小于0.24%。全井段铸体薄片分析结果表明,A段储层面孔率范围主要分布在6%~8%,储层较为致密,从上到下A1~A3小层的储层平均面孔率分别为6. 9%、11.7%、5.4%,与储层物性、沉积微相和岩性等纵向分布规律较为吻合。     

The high wire act: a comparison of British transatlantic foreign policies in the Second World War and the war in Iraq, 2001–2003

Drawing upon ideas from critical geopolitics, this paper compares the role that the British government plays within the contemporary transatlantic alliance with that played by Churchill's government during the Second World War. It argues that the Blair government's approach to foreign policy has parallels with Churchill's – that it should act as a bridge between the US and European governments. From this basis the paper reflects upon geopolitical change since 1945, re-evaluating the reasons for foreign policy failures during the Iraq War. Belying the assumption that these were caused by Blair's failures at diplomacy, it argues that failure was the result of an outdated geopolitical strategy.     

伊拉克米桑油田深井水平井钻井技术

为应对伊拉克M油田深井水平井高压盐膏层盐水侵、下部灰岩地层漏、喷、塌和卡等多种风险,同时尽可能降低钻井成本,提高作业时效,开展了深井水平井研究和实践。根据区块作业经验将深井水平井设计为六开井身结构;针对高压盐膏层地层,采用高密度饱和复合盐钻井液技术;在深部灰岩地层实施了一系列定向井和尾管固井技术。上述技术在64H井成功应用,解决了该区块钻井过程中的技术难题,提高了钻井安全性和时效(打破了M油田深井水平井钻井记录)。     

2017年伊拉克MW7.3地震的类型界定及其震后趋势分析

2017年伊拉克地震发生在我们划分的巴格达地震区,鉴于不同机构提供的该震震级参数相差较大,本文利用孕震断层多锁固段脆性破裂理论,分情况讨论了该震所属地震类型,并分析了巴格达地震区地震趋势.结果表明：若2017年伊拉克地震为M_W7.3,则该震为第3锁固段向峰值强度点演化过程中发生的1次显著前震,该区未来将发生M_W7.7~8.2（双震型为M_W7.5~8.0）标志性地震,目前已接近临界状态;若2017年伊拉克地震为M_W7.5,除可能为显著前震外,还可能为标志性地震（双震）之一,若如此两年内该区将发生另一次M_W7.5地震;若2017年伊拉克地震为M_S7.8,则该震为第3锁固段峰值强度点对应的标志性地震,与我们对该震的前瞻性中长期预测结果相符.我们判断该震不为主震,预测该区未来还将发生M_W7.8~8.3（双震型为M_W7.6~8.1）标志性地震,目前该区远离临界状态.

     

伊拉克石油资源状况及其对中国能源安全战略的影响

伊拉克油气资源丰富,探明石油储量超过1125亿桶,天然气储量110万亿立方英尺。中国2001年石油进口量的55％来自中东,中东局势紧张,会直接影响中国石油的稳定供应。通过详细分析伊拉克石油资源状况,结合中国实际情况,探讨其对中国能源安全战略的影响,认为中国在摸清家底,加强国内油气地质勘查工作,包括全国油气资源战略选区工作,提高石油地质储量,增加国内生产能力的同时,应积极拓展中亚—俄罗斯、中东—北非和南美石油市场,实现原油进口地区的多元化,以降低对中东石油进口的依赖程度。     

Petrological and geochemical interpretation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary sections from northern Iraq

Triassic–Jurassic sedimentary successions (Baluti and Sarki formations) in northern Iraq record a variety of environmental changes that may be related to global Triassic–Jurassic (Tr/J) boundary events. The diversity of some benthic fauna decreases through the transitional boundary beds. The coastal marine environment of the lower part of the Baluti Formation is followed by shallower tidal flat and supratidal marginal marine environments at the transitional boundary with the Jurassic‐age Sarki Formation. The alternating calcareous mudrocks and dolomitic limestones of the transitional succession are overlain by a succession of calcareous mudrocks and dolomicrites that form a dolocrete bed in the latest Triassic. The early Jurassic carbonates (lower part of Sarki Formation) were deposited in a shallow‐marine to lagoonal environment. Geochemical evidence supports this interpretation. TOC% increases towards the Tr/J boundary and the lower part of the Sarki Formation. This increase can be interpreted as resulting from the primary precipitation of dolocrete as palaeosol horizons. The variations in the oxygen isotope ratios mainly reflect the facies and diagenetic effects. Th/K ratio is generally constant and shows an increase in the calcareous mudrock beds of the upper part of the Baluti Formation, possibly related to the degradation of K‐bearing clay minerals. Low Th/U ratios are due to the depletion in thorium, typical of many marine carbonates rather than to an increase in authigenic uranium. This explanation is also corroborated by the presence of abundant fossils in some of the studied carbonates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.