变质地质学的三大前缘课题

本文主要从三个方面反映１９８７年以来国内外变质地质学研究的新进展：（１）变质Ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹与区域岩石学研究；（２）变质流体与岩石的相互作用；（３）高压、超高压变质。变质ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹按地壳拉张区、地壳增厚区、俯冲带和麻粒岩相变质地区等不同构造环境予以论列；变质流体岩石的相互关系是按区域变质、接触变质和麻粒岩相变质地区等三个类型对比描述。高压、超高压变质研究近年来得到快速发展，也提出了许多问题。本文主要介绍柯石英榴辉岩岩石学和榴辉岩相岩石学的主要问题。     

递增变质作用若干问题评述

递增变质作用以沿造山带中区域热动力异常中心发育递增变质带和热为特征，变质作作用时间上的演经与其在空间上的变化之间的关系，变质作用的温度，压力在时间的变化规律，这些规律所反映的变质作用热动力时空演化过程和机制以及变质作用的根本原因等，是变质地质学的基本问题，递增变质作用在时间上的演化与其空间上的变化是有机统一地过程。建立变质作用时空框架，客观地揭示变质作用时空溶化规律造山过程，是递增变质作用研究的必     

陕甘川交界区碧口群的变质作用及其地质意义

碧口群由一套中晚元古代的变质双峰式火山岩及复理石型深积岩组成，其变质作用分为蓝片岩相和绿片岩相。据其野外分布及白云母ｂ０值的变化可分成Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三个变质带。蓝片岩相以钠质闪石＋绿帘石共生为特征，在Ａ带的大面积绿片岩中呈条带或残片状分布。对区内的角闪石、绿泥石、绿帘石及白云母等矿物及其间的交代关系研究表明蓝片岩和绿片岩并非同一物理化学条件下的产物。蓝片岩相的温度为３００－４００℃，压力为０．５－０．     

秦岭造山带根部地壳结构及流变学演化

在地质和地球物理资料基础上，运用物理学观点，研究和分析了秦岭造山带根部－大别前寒武纪变质地体的三维结构及流变学演化历史，通过现代及中－新元古代时期地壳流变学剖面的构筑，强调地壳流变学分层性及变质变形分解作用对中下地壳结构及地球动力学演化的控制作用，线状强应变带与透镜状弱应变域的规律组合，是秦岭造山带及其根部地壳结构的基本样式，并具尺度不变性，将古老中下地壳近３Ｇａ的流变学演化历史划分为７个阶段。它     

大阿尔玛京卡河流域的雪崩与治理

大阿尔玛京卡河流域危险主要出现在中山森林－草原带和高山雪冰带。受局地气候、地貌与环境的综合作用，流域雪崩规模小、路程短，多见全程雪崩；雪崩类型单调，以干、湿雪崩占统治地位，在９０％以上，雪崩发生地点集中，而且每年都有出现，只有数量上的差异性。在西风气流的控制下，冬季积雪层的变质过程具温度梯度变质特征。积雪层负温梯度大，雪层深霜的发育和生长迅速，呈出“干寒型”积雪的基本特征。雪崩对道路、居民点和建筑     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵镁铁质麻粒岩的地球化学特征及其中压变质作用

在东南极普里兹湾拉斯曼丘陵地区变泥质岩和长英质片麻岩中，定向分布着透镜状、扁豆状和香肠状镁铁质、超镁铁质麻粒岩。这些岩石主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征显示其原岩化学成分具镁铁质堆晶岩特征，并可能代表岩墙的构造作用残留体。在米洛半岛发现石榴子石周围有斜方辉石和斜长石的反应边，斜方辉石和斜长石由下述反应形成：石榴子石＋石英→斜方辉石＋斜长石。这个反应为减压反应，应用地质温压计确定其温度和压力分别为７４７±４８°Ｃ和６．３±０．５ｋｂａｒ，本文首次应用石榴子石－斜方辉石－斜长石－石英组合确立本区早期中压麻粒岩相事件的存在。本文还对镁铁质麻粒岩的原岩成因及矿物中的减压结构所代表的构造意义进行了探讨     

热变煤的光学结构及其地质意义

不同岩性的岩体侵入不同初始煤级的煤，形成不同宽度的接触变质带，带中煤的光学结构发生大小不同的变化，这种变化具有一定的地质意义，本文强调了热变煤的特征标志是孔隙的存在，并着重探讨了热变煤中新生有机组分－热解碳与小球体光性与成因，指出热解碳具有指热意义，表示近处岩体存在，而小球体分其生成的各向异生体并非表明一定有岩体存在。     

内华达山脉西部变质带的变质变形史及与秦岭造山带的对比

美国内华达山脉(Sierra Nevada)西部变质带是古生代以来的活动大陆边缘和显生宙大陆增生的典范,通过对其变质变形史的研究及其与秦岭造山带的对比,认为其对中国造山带的研究,尤其是对大陆增生、增厚及演化历史等方面的研究有着重要的借鉴意义。     

Coeval basin formation,plutonism and metamorphism in the Northern Tasmanides: extensional Cambro-Ordovician tectonism of the Charters Towers Province

Abstract

The Charters Towers Province, of the northern Thomson Orogen, records conversion from a Neoproterozoic passive margin to a Cambrian active margin, as characteristic of the Tasmanides. The passive margin succession includes a thick metasedimentary unit derived from Mesoproterozoic rocks. The Cambrian active margin is represented by upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician (500–460?Ma) basinal development (Seventy Mile Range Group), plutonism and metamorphism resulting from an enduring episode of arc–backarc crustal extension. Detrital zircon age spectra indicate that parts of the metamorphic basement of the Charters Towers Province (elements of the Argentine Metamorphics and Charters Towers Metamorphics) overlap in protolith age with the basal part of the Seventy Mile Range Group and thus were associated with extensional basin development. Detrital zircon age data from the extensional basin succession indicate it was derived from a far-field (Pacific-Gondwana) primary source. However, a young cluster (<510?Ma) is interpreted as reflecting a local igneous source related to active margin tectonism. Relict zircon in a tonalite phase of the Fat Hen Creek Complex suggests that active margin plutonism may have extended back to ca 530?Ma. Syntectonic plutonism in the western Charters Towers Province is dated at ca 485–480?Ma, close to timing of metamorphism (477–467?Ma) and plutonism more generally (508–455?Ma). The dominant structures in the metamorphic basement formed with gentle to subhorizontal dips and are inferred to have formed by extensional ductile deformation, while normal faulting developed at shallower depths, associated with heat advection by plutonism. Lower Silurian (Benambran) shortening, which affected metamorphic basement and extensional basin units, resulted in the dominant east–west-structural trends of the province. We consider that these trends reflect localised north–south shortening rather than rotation of the province as is consistent with the north–south paleogeographic alignment of extensional basin successions.

1. KEY POINTS

2. Northern Tasmanide transition from passive to active margin tectonic mode had occurred by ca 510?Ma, perhaps as early as ca 530?Ma.

3. Cambro-Ordovician active margin tectonism of the Charters Towers Province (northern Thomson Orogen) was characterised by crustal extension.

4. Crustal extension resulted in the development of coeval (500–460?Ma) basin fill, granitic plutonism and metamorphism with rock assemblages as exposed across the Charters Towers Province developed at a wide range of crustal levels and expressing heterogeneous exhumation.

5. Protoliths of metasedimentary assemblages of the Charters Towers Province include both Proterozoic passive margin successions and those emplaced as Cambrian extensional basin fill.

     

The crystalline complexes of Hamadan (Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, western Iran): metasedimentary Mesozoic sequences affected by Late Cretaceous tectono-metamorphic and plutonic events

The Hamadan area is characterised by various metamorphic rocks where the slates yielded Jurassic fossils. The entire column, representing the Mesozoic from at least the Jurassic to the Mid-Cretaceous, has been affected by tectono-metamorphic events and the emplacement of Late Cretaceous granitic rocks. A timing of these events is based on the ⁴⁰K–⁴⁰Ar ages carried mainly on separated amphiboles, biotites and muscovites, and interpreted as the ages of their isotopic closure. Results are ranging between 91 and 70 Ma. To cite this article: A. Baharifar et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).

Résumé

La région de Hamadan expose des roches métamorphiques dont les termes les moins transformés contiennent des fossiles jurassiques. Au cours du Crétacé supérieur, elle a été affectée par un événement tectono-métamorphique régional et elle a été le siège d'une activité plutonique. Les résultats des datations ⁴⁰K–⁴⁰Ar des amphiboles et des micas séparés des roches métamorphiques et plutoniques qui s'étagent entre 91 et 70 Ma montrent l'importance de ces événements et leur étalement au cours du Crétacé supérieur. Pour citer cet article : A. Baharifar et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).