Newly discovered youngest UHT metamorphism on Earth,Western Sulawesi,Indonesia

Ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism represents an extreme crustal thermal event with peak conditions exceeding 900 °C at 7–13 kbar. In the modern-style plate tectonic system, records of the UHT metamorphism are relatively rare due to the secular cooling of Earth. In the Palu region of Western Sulawesi, we newly discovered a series of HT-UHT metamorphic rocks including amphibolite, granulite, eclogites and gneiss. Of them, two granulite samples (18CS14-2, 18CS14-4) with high garnet content (>50 mol%) are chosen for petrographic observation, phase equilibrium modelling, and zircon U-Pb dating. These rocks are characterized by a relic M₁ assemblage of Grt + Ky + Bt + Rt and a M₂ assemblage of Grt + Sil + Pl + Spl + Crd ± Qtz + Ilm + melt. Phase equilibrium modelling based on effective bulk compositions yields UHT conditions of 7.2–8.5 kbar/940–1080 °C (18CS14-2) and 7.0–7.3 kbar/1000–1040 °C (18CS14-4). U-Pb analysis reveals two generations of metamorphic zircon with evolving REE content that is intimately related to garnet growth and decomposition. Zircon age of 36–5.3 Ma is ascribed to syn- to post-M₁ metamorphism, whereas the young zircon age of 5.1–3.8 Ma is linked to syn- and post-M₂ stage. The UHT metamorphism was probably the consequence of the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle triggered by post-collisional delamination of lithosphere in the Miocene-Pliocene (ca. 5 Ma). It could represent the youngest known UHT metamorphism on Earth.     

华北克拉通丰镇碳酸岩中榴辉岩捕虏体岩石学研究:现今板块体制古元古代开始启动证据

关于现今板块构造体制何时启动是目前地球科学研究的焦点问题。本文在原报道的古元古代丰镇火成碳酸岩中发现的榴辉岩捕虏体基础上,开展了详细的岩石学研究。该榴辉岩捕虏体分为两种类型:即相对富石榴石的Fz-2和贫石榴石的Fz-16,它们产于同一地点,且具有相同的矿物成分和结构构造特征。Xu et al.(2018)的研究表明该捕虏体具有1839±26Ma和1766±7Ma的独居石U-Th-Pb年龄且具有大洋辉长岩原岩的全岩成分特征。本文通过进一步的岩相学研究发现该榴辉岩至少经历了两期变质阶段:M1,角闪石/绿帘石-榴辉岩阶段;M2,硬柱石-榴辉岩阶段。具有放射状裂纹包裹特征的柯英石假象在石榴石变斑晶和基质绿辉石中以包体形式出现。以蓝晶石与黝帘石共存为特征的柱状硬柱石假象,也偶尔以包体形式存在于石榴石中。变斑晶石榴石分为富含包体的核部和比较干净的边部。石榴石从中心到边部具有明显的镁铝榴石含量增加和钙铝榴石含量降低的环带特征,通过相平衡模拟和等值线投图得到其温压范围为2.6~3.7GPa和655~670℃,记录了从M1到M2的近等温增压的进变质过程。通过石榴石边部-绿辉石-蓝晶石-石英的地质温压计计算得到温压条件为3.0GPa、734℃。金红石中的锆含量温度计也给出了相似的温度条件,即在2.6~3.7GPa压力时为601~685℃。石榴石边部的柯石英假象和硬柱石假象支持了M2硬柱石-榴辉岩阶段的存在,这表明丰镇古元古代榴辉岩可能是目前发现的世界上最古老的低温超高压变质岩。同时,我们得到该榴辉岩代表的进变质过程中的地温梯度为216±35℃/GPa,证明至少在~1.8Ga以来代表现今板块构造体制的板块冷俯冲作用就开始启动了。     

青藏高原拉萨地体北部的前寒武纪变质作用及构造意义

青藏高原南部拉萨地体中分布的角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质岩一直被认为是前寒武纪变质基底,但并没有获得可靠的年代学证据。本文运用原位锆石U-Pb定年方法,在拉萨地体北部那果地区的变质岩中获得了约720Ma的变质年龄,从而证明拉萨地体北部在新古元代经历了角闪岩相变质作用和近同期的岩浆作用。基于这一成果和在拉萨地体中、南部高级变质岩中陆续获得的中、新生代变质年龄,对拉萨地体变质作用的时、空变化及其成因进行了初步探讨。     

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床蚀变带元素迁移特征及定量计算

辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床（MSD）位于华北地台东北部的浑北花岗岩-绿岩地体内,矿区岩石在30～28 亿年期间受到了600～650℃的高级角闪岩相变质。研究结果表明,广泛分布于红透山层状矿体下盘数百米处的和直接产于矿体下盘的堇青-直闪片麻岩,分别代表了变质后的MSD成矿系统以绿泥石化为特征的半整合和筒状不整合海底热液蚀变带。微量元素特征显示,层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩并非同一种岩石,而是由5种不同岩性的岩石组成,筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的原岩主要由流纹质岩石组成,而在堇青-直闪片麻岩走向上与之过渡的角闪片麻岩和黑云片麻岩则代表了不同岩性蚀变岩的未蚀变原岩。质量变化计算表明,相对于未蚀变原岩而言,两种蚀变岩的成分发生了显著变化,其中层状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg发生了富集,Na、K、Ca、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素被迁出,而筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩的Fe、Mg、Si、Na、Pb、Cu和Zn等元素则发生了富集,K被迁出。重稀土元素（HREE）和高场强元素(Zr、Ti、Nb、Hf和Ta)在海底热液蚀变过程中保持惰性,而Rb、Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素（LREE,尤其是Eu）则被强烈的迁出。这些元素变化特征表明海底热液蚀变以绿泥石化和硅化为特征,同时海底水-岩反应体系具有高水/岩比值。层状堇青-直闪片麻岩可作为红透山矿区成矿潜力评价的重要依据,而含硫化物石英脉的筒状堇青-直闪片麻岩不但本身可成为工业矿体,还可作为上覆层状矿体的近矿找矿标志。     

Formation of gold deposits: a metamorphic devolatilization model

A metamorphic devolatilization model can explain the enrichment, segregation, timing, distribution and character of many goldfields such as those found in Archean greenstone belts, slate‐belts and other gold‐only provinces. In this genetic model, hydrated and carbonated greenschist facies rocks, particularly metabasic rocks, are devolatilized primarily across the greenschist–amphibolite facies boundary in an orogenic setting. Devolatilization operates on the scale of individual mineral grains, extracting not just H₂O and CO₂ but also S and, in turn, Au. Elevated gold in solution is achieved by complexing with reduced S, and by H₂CO₃ weak acid buffering near the optimal fluid pH for gold solubility (the buffering is more important than being at the point of maximum gold solubility). Low salinity ensures low base metal concentrations in the auriferous metamorphic fluid. Migration of this fluid upwards is via shear zones and/or into hydraulic fracture zones in rocks of low tensile strength. The geometry of the shear zones dictates the kilometre‐scale fluid migration paths and the degree of fluid focusing into small enough volumes to form economic accumulations of gold. Deposition of gold from solution necessitates breakdown of the gold–thiosulphide complex and is especially facilitated by fluid reduction in contact with reduced carbon‐bearing host rocks and/or by sulphidation of wallrocks to generate iron‐bearing sulphide and precipitated gold. As such, black slate, carbon seams, banded iron formation, tholeiitic basalt, magnetite‐bearing diorite and differentiated tholeiitic dolerite sills are some of the important hosts to major goldfields. Gold deposition is accompanied by carbonation, sulphidation and muscovite/biotite alteration where the host rock is of suitable bulk composition. The correlation of major gold deposits with rock type, even when the gold is primarily in veins, argues for rock‐dominated depositional systems, not fluid‐dominated ones. As a consequence, a general role in gold deposition for fluid mixing, temperature decrease and/or fluid pressure decrease and boiling is unlikely, although such effects may be involved locally. Several geological features that are recorded at gold‐only deposits today reflect subsequent modifications superimposed upon the products of this generic metamorphic devolatilization process. Overprinting by higher‐grade metamorphism and deformation, and/or (palaeo)‐weathering may provide many of the most‐obvious features of goldfields including their mineralogy, geochemistry, geometry, small‐scale timing features, geophysical response and even mesoscopic gold distribution.     

Paleoproterozoic gabbronoritic and granitic magmatism in the northern margin of the North China craton: Evidence of crust–mantle interaction

Paleoproterozoic Xuwujia gabbronorites in the northern margin of the North China craton occur as dykes, sills and small plutons intruded into khondalite (aluminous paragneisses, sedimentary protoliths deposited at ca. 2.0–1.95 Ga), and as numerous entrained bodies and fragments of variable scales in the Liangcheng granitoids (ca. 1.93–1.89 Ga). These gabbronoritic dykes are present at all locations where ca. 1.93–1.92 Ga ultra-high-temperature metamorphism is recorded in the khondalite. A gabbronorite sample from the Hongmiaozi dyke gives zircon ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb mean ages of 1954 ± 6 Ma (core domains) and 1925 ± 8 Ma (rim domains). These ages, as well as previously reported ages, constrain the age of mafic magmatism to be at ca. 1.96–1.92 Ga (∼1.93 Ga). One sample from the Xigou gabbro intruded by the Liangcheng granitoids gives a zircon ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb mean age of 1857 ± 4 Ma, which is interpreted as the age of a metamorphic overprint. The Xuwujia gabbronorites comprise mainly gabbronorite compositions, as well as some norite, olivine gabbronorite, monzonorite, quartz gabbronorite, and quartz monzonorite. Chemically, they are tholeiitic and can be divided into two groups: a high-Mg group (6.2–22.9 wt.% MgO) and a relatively low-Mg group (2.2–5.7 wt.% MgO). The high-Mg group shows negative Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.53–0.72), slight light rare earth element enrichment (La/Yb_N = 0.56–1.53), and small negative anomalies in high field-strength elements. The ?Nd (t = 1.93 Ga) values vary from +0.3 to +2.4. The low-Mg group shows varied Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.48–1.05), and is enriched in light rare earth elements (La/Yb_N = 1.51–11.98). The majority shows negative anomalies in high field-strength elements (e.g., Th, Nb, Zr, and Ti). Initial ?Nd (at 1.93 Ga) values for low-Mg gabbronorites vary from −5.0 to 0. The Xuwujia gabbronorites possibly experienced assimilation of crust, and fractional crystallization of initially olivine and hypersthene (the high-Mg group), and then olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase (the low-Mg group). The slightly younger Liangcheng granitoids consist of garnet-bearing granite, granodiorite and quartz-rich granitic compositions. They are intermediate to felsic calc-alkaline rocks, thought to be derived from surrounding metasedimentary crust. Xigou gabbro could represent early cumulates. The granitoids have relatively high-Mg numbers (up to 54), and show some chemical affinities with the gabbronorites, which could have resulted from incorporation of gabbronoritic melts. The occurrence and chemical variations of the Xuwujia gabbronorites and Liangcheng granitoids can be interpreted to have resulted from crust–mantle interaction, with mingling and partial mixing of mantle (gabbronoritic) and crustal (granitic) melts. The Xuwujia gabbronorites originated from a mantle region with high potential temperatures (∼1550 °C), possibly associated with a plume or more likely a ridge-subduction-related mantle upwelling event. They could have had extremely high primary intrusion temperatures (up to 1400 °C). Emplacement of these magmas was likely responsible for the extensive crustal anatexis (Liangcheng granitoids) and the local ultra-high-temperature metamorphism. These sequences may have followed ca. 1.95 Ga continent–continent (arc?) juxtaposition and were themselves followed by significant regional uplift and exhumation in the northern margin of the North China craton.     

Alpine tectono‐metamorphic history of the continental units from Vardar zone: the Kopaonik Metamorphic Complex (Dinaric‐Hellenic belt,Serbia)

The easternmost zone of the Dinaric‐Hellenic belt is represented by the Vardar Zone, in which the Kopaonik Metamorphic Complex (KMC) is regarded as the lowermost unit. This complex is topped by the unmetamorphosed Brzece unit and is intruded by the Oligocene Kopaonik Intrusive complex. The KMC is characterized by a stratigraphy that includes metapelites and meta‐carbonates of Late Triassic age, associated with metabasites. It is characterized by a complex deformation history that comprises four phases: D1 to D4. The D1 phase structures occur only as relict structures, whereas the D2 phase structures are represented by isoclinal F2 folds, associated with a well‐developed S2 foliation. The estimated P‐T conditions for the D1 and D2 metamorphism are consistent with the upper greenschist facies. The D3 phase is characterized by west‐verging thrusts associated with upright folds. In contrast, the D4 phase is characterized by open folds (F4) associated with low‐angle normal faults. The D1 and D2 deformation phases developed during the shortening related to continental collision, whereas the subsequent D3 and D4 phases can be related to the progressive exhumation of the KMC. The D4 phase probably developed during extensional tectonics during and after emplacement of the Kopaonik Intrusive Complex. The data show that the continental units belonging to the Vardar zone had a long‐lived deformation history that was more complex that previously thought. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桐柏北部宽坪群变泥质岩的变质作用研究

桐柏北部宽坪群发育一套由斜长角闪岩、变泥质岩、大理岩以及石英岩夹层组成的中级变质岩石。本文选取4个含石榴变泥质岩样品进行了详细的岩石学研究,其中回龙寺组的一个样品含有特征的十字石+蓝晶石组合,而左老庄组的一个样品则含有夕线石。回龙寺组样品中的石榴石均具有明显的进变质成分环带,而左老庄组样品中的石榴石均遭受到晚期低温扩散的影响,所以在计算其形成条件时选取了生长于峰期变质阶段的特定部位。运用传统的石榴石-黑云母-白云母-斜长石-石英地质温压计估算回龙寺组的变质p-T区间为590～610℃、0.95～1.14GPa,左老庄组为630～650℃、0.65～0.89GPa,分别相当于低角闪岩相和高角闪岩相。这一结果与变质反应曲线所限定的温压范围基本一致,并且后者中还存在由蓝晶石区域向相对高温低压的夕线石区域转变的过程。低-高角闪岩相的宽坪群与低角闪岩相的二郎坪群和麻粒岩相的秦岭群紧密伴生,且变质时代近于一致(440～400Ma),说明华北南缘在志留纪—早泥盆世发生了岛弧、微陆块与华北板块大陆边缘的碰撞造山作用。     

成矿环境中的高密度碳质流体:以阿尔泰南缘为例

碳质流体(CO2-CH4-N2体系流体)常见于地幔橄榄岩和下地壳麻粒岩中。近期研究表明,阿尔泰南缘晚古生代成矿环境中的碳质流体极为丰富,不仅在造山型金矿中赋存大量与成矿有关的碳质流体,而且在VMS型矿床中也存在同造山期的变质碳质流体。由共生的富CO2包裹体(LCO2-LH2O型)和H2O-CO2包裹体(LH2O-LCO2型)的均一温度推测,造山型金矿的碳质流体捕获温度大于254～394.5℃,压力大于150～320MPa;VMS矿床的变质碳质流体捕获温度大于209～430℃,压力大于180～300MPa,两者具相似的捕获温度压力条件。碳质流体的捕获温度压力条件与变质相带相平衡计算的变质温度、压力范围相当。碳质流体源于区域变质作用,并参与了与造山型金矿有关的构造-变质-流体-成矿作用和对VMS型矿床的变质改造作用。     

Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemisty of Antarctic Mesosiderite GRV 020175: Implications for Its Complex Formation History

<正>GRV 020175 is an Antarctic mesosiderite,containing about 43 vol%silicates and 57 vol% metal.Metal occurs in a variety of textures from irregular large masses,to veins penetrating silicates, and to matrix fine grains.The metallic portion contains kamacite,troilite and minor taenite.Terrestrial weathering is evident as partial replacement of the metal and troilite veins by Fe oxides.Silicate phases exhibit a porphyritic texture with pyroxene,plagioclase,minor silica and rare olivine phenocrysts embedded in a fine-grained groundmass.The matrix is ophitic and consists mainly of pyroxene and plagioclase grains.Some orthopyroxene phenocrysts occur as euhedral crystals with chemical zoning from a magnesian core to a ferroan overgrowth;others are characterized by many fine inclusions of plagioclase composition.Pigeonite has almost inverted to its orthopyroxene host with augite lamellae, enclosed by more magnesian rims.Olivine occurs as subhedral crystals,surrounded by a necklace of tiny chromite grains(about 2-3μm).Plagioclase has a heterogeneous composition without zoning. Pyroxene geothermometry of GRV 020175 gives a peak metamorphic temperature(～1000℃) and a closure temperature(～875℃).Molar Fe/Mn ratios(19-32) of pyroxenes are consistent with mesosiderite pyroxenes(16-35) and most plagioclase compositions(An_(87.5_96.6)) are within the range of mesosiderite plagioclase grains(An_(88-95)).Olivine composition(Fo_(53.8)) is only slightly lower than the range of olivine compositions in mesosiderites(Fo_(55-90)).All petrographic characteristics and chemical compositions of GRV 020175 are consistent with those of mesosiderite and based on its matrix texture and relatively abundant plagioclase,it can be further classified as a type 3A mesosiderite.Mineralogical, penological,and geochemical studies of GRV 020175 imply a complex formation history starting as rapid crystallization from a magma in a lava flow on the surface or as a shallow intrusion.Following primary igneous crystallization,the silicate underwent varying degrees of reheating.It was reheated to 1000℃,followed by rapid cooling to 875℃.Subsequently,metal mixed with silicate,during or after which,reduction of silicates occurred;the reducing agent is likely to have been sulfur.After redox reaction,the sample underwent thermal metamorphism,which produced the corona on the olivine, rims on the inverted pigeonite phenocrysts and overgrowths on the orthopyroxene phenocrysts,and homogenized matrix pyroxenes.Nevertheless,metamorphism was not extensive enough to completely reequilibrate the GRV 020175 materials.