Africa in the rise of rights-based development

This paper explores the rise of rights-based development (RBD) and its endorsement by prominent international institutions (such as the United Nations) and International Development Agencies (IDAs) like the World Bank. It situates RBD in global political context and analyses it in relation to the international politics of development, especially the politics of neo-liberal adjustment policies in Africa. The paper shows how RBD emerged against a backdrop of debate about four international issues associated with neo-liberalism and its discontents, namely globalisation and uneven development; capability and good governance; human rights and human development; and NGOs in the politics of development. Debates about those four issues keep repositioning the state as the central actor in RBD, and holding the state accountable for development (or the lack thereof) under international law. The paper’s basic point is that state-centric RBD is paradoxical and highly political. Greater accountability is being demanded of states––especially in Africa––from the same neo-liberal forces (such as the World Bank) charged with weakening state capacity, undermining democracy, and diminishing state authority. In terms of international power relations and the politics of development, RBD does signal something of a willingness to rethink certain aspects of the dominant neo-liberal agenda. And yet adjusted states are being subjected––in the name of RBD––to novel methods of international surveillance and forms of conditionality. States are ultimately held responsible for human rights violations, even when it is non-state actors (and their neo-liberal policies) that caused those rights to be violated in the first place. RBD is, therefore, a partial answer (at best) to the questions of empowerment and change raised by critics of neo-liberalism.     

东北亚区域一体化中的图们江地区国际交通运输枢纽建设

东北亚地区是一个工业化潜力极大的地区，伴随着工业化进程的区域一体化将更适应东北亚地区的地缘政治和地缘经济关系。开发建设图们江地区国际交通运输枢纽是东北亚地区一体化的关键，区域一体化的发展又能促使图们江地区国际交通运输枢纽地位的提高。为此，本文在对图们江地区国际交通运输枢纽的构成和物流潜力分析的基础上，提出了2020年前图们江地区国际交通运输枢纽的建设方案。     

机场设施邻避效应对北京市住宅价格空间影响研究——以北京首都国际机场为例

城市发展过程中,大型公共基础设施的建设运营与居民居住空间品质的优化提升之间的矛盾日益突出。随着城市更新的不断深入,实现规划用地高效合理利用与人民生活宜居和谐的双赢目标成为城市规划建设的重中之重。由于机场设施存在较为明显的负向外部性,其邻避效应对周围住宅价格产生影响。本研究对首都国际机场运用特征价格模型分析“同邻避设施的距离”对住宅价格的影响,表征了在不同要素影响下邻避设施空间效应的量度,同时分析得出其对住宅价格的影响范围半径。主要研究结论如下：① 首都机场设施对周边住宅价格存在负面影响。在一定范围内,到机场设施的距离每减少1%,住宅价格平均降低0.586%。不同要素的影响力也存在差异。② 机场设施对住宅价格的空间影响范围为10 km,其空间效应随“同机场风险源距离”的增加而表现出减弱的趋势。此外,影响范围内的小区有149个,83.2%的小区分布在顺义区,受影响的户数约为13万。③ 机场设施的邻避效应空间影响存在方向异性,位于机场西部和南部的区域对周边住宅价格的影响范围整体大于位于机场北部和东部的区域。     

城市居民对大型活动影响的感知与态度模式——以首届中国国际进口博览会为例

大型活动是城市更新和区域经济发展的重要动力,对城市形象和城市经济具有极大的提升和促进作用。以2018年举办的首届中国国际进口博览会为案例,从居民感知的视角分析首届中国国际进口博览会举办过程中居民的社会交换关系,构建“对政府的信任”“未来结果考虑”“积极影响感知”“消极影响感知”“生活质量”和“支持态度”6个变量的关系模型,采用结构方程模型分析模型构建的合理性,验证了上海居民对首届中国国际进口博览会影响的感知及支持态度的影响因素,并探讨了生活质量在居民感知与支持态度之间的中介效应。结果表明：① 对政府的信任与未来结果考虑对居民感知与支持态度具有重要影响,即居民对政府的信任正向影响其对积极影响的感知及支持态度,负向影响居民的消极影响感知;居民的未来结果考虑也正向影响居民的积极影响感知与支持态度,负向影响居民的消极影响感知。② 居民的积极影响感知对生活质量感知和支持态度具有正向影响,居民的消极影响感知对支持态度具有负向影响,但未影响到居民的生活质量感知。③ 居民的生活质量感知在居民感知与支持态度间的中介效应未获得支持。本文对中国国际进口博览会持续健康发展、上海建设国际会展之都等具有一定的启示意义和参考价值。     

青岛国际啤酒节的持续发展战略研究

青岛国际啤酒节是中国重点旅游节庆,面临多方面的挑战,必须形成浓郁的啤酒文化特色和海洋文化特色,设计出多元的、富有魅力的特色旅游产品,进行真诚的协作和 针对性的宣传,扩大城市知名度,谋求节庆活动的持续发展。其产品策略和市场营销策略,一方面应安排具有一定文化品位并为各阶层人士喜闻乐见的文化、和娱乐等活动同时抓住啤酒这个独特销售点,研究制度富有特色和个体的啤酒节专项旅游产品,加强节庆气氛的营造;开发啤酒     

Review: The International Sediment Initiative case studies of sediment problems in river basins and their management

Management of sediment in river basins and waterways has been an important issue for water managers throughout history. The changing nature of sediment issues has meant that water managers today face many complex technical and environmental challenges in relation to sediment management. UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme(IHP) launched the International Sediment Initiative(ISI) in 2002.ISI aims to further advance sustainable sediment management on a global scale. This is achieved through the delivery of a decision support framework for sediment management that provides guidance on legislative and institutional solutions, applicable across a range of socio-economic and physiographic settings in the context of global change. ISI mobilizes international experience on sediment problems and their management through the compilation of a series of case studies representative of a broad range of physiographic and socio-economic conditions, which are made available as guidance for policy makers dealing with water and river basin management. Case studies prepared to date include the basins of the Nile, Mississippi, Rhine, Volga, Yellow, and Haihe and Liaohe rivers. Available in full from the ISI website,these detailed case studies are briefly introduced in this review articles.     

Communicating geomorphology through International English

International English has come to dominate science publication. For both first and second language speakers, the constraints of language for communication in geomorphology are reviewed, including uncertainties with terminology, subtleties of qualification and explanation in the written presentation of arguments, and formalities in the rhetorical structuring of published papers. Distinctive qualities of style and presentation need to be recognized because, in geomorphology as generally, full qualitative meanings may pass lingua franca or second language speakers by, whilst formulaic discourse may disguise shortcomings. The alternative of language simplification for international usage may not be wholly desirable if valued functions are lost. Language is also increasingly being coupled with visual devices, pictorial and diagrammatic images and data tables, which are internationally intelligible. These can leave viewers with greater hermeneutic (text interpretation) freedom, and therefore a variety of outcomes in understanding. Mathematical treatments, with their precision and predictive utility, have great universal value and they leave readers with rather less interpretive freedom. Debate is due, both by first and by second English language geomorphologists, as to how well developing presentation styles in international English suit scientific purposes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trade measures and the combat of IUU fishing: Institutional interplay and effective governance in the Northeast Atlantic

The use of trade measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Northeast Atlantic has evolved from unilateral denial of the landing of fish taken outside international quota arrangements to a multilateral Scheme of Control and Enforcement under the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC). International trade rules have not constrained this development, mostly due to successful management of the interplay between international resource management and trade regimes. States protect resource management objectives from such constraint by inserting clauses that establish a normative hierarchy, or they employ various means for adapting IUU measures to the ‘environmental window’ of the global trade regime. The fact that regional states have introduced trade restrictions only when non-restrictive or less restrictive measures have failed enhances such compatibility, as do the gradual shift from unilateral to multilateral measures and the rise in transparency, openness and target-state involvement. None of those features reduces the effectiveness of regional trade measures; they minimize tension with trade commitments and largely strengthen their clout in the struggle to combat IUU fishing in the Northeast Atlantic.     

国际海底区域环境保护制度分析与中国实践

为促进国际海底区域资源开发和环境保护的协调可持续发展,提高我国在相关领域的话语权和执行力,文章系统分析国际海底区域环境保护制度的发展特征及其存在的问题,总结我国对国际海底区域环境保护的实践和展望,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:国际海底区域环境保护制度经历萌芽、成形、发展和充实4个阶段,发展特征主要包括理念的更新、原则的完善以及义务和责任的明确,然而至今在规章环境保护条款、《联合国海洋法公约》非缔约国的环境保护权责和相关利益平衡等方面仍存在问题;我国从参与制定相关制度和开展国内法探索等方面积极实践国际海底区域环境保护;未来应从制定环境保护标准、探索政策环境和平衡各方利益等方面完善国际海底区域环境保护制度,我国应继续参与相关国际法律制度的制定以及完善国内海洋环境保护制度。