我国经济的全球化及其对城镇体系的影响

本文分析了自我国实行开放政策以来,经济加快融入世界经济体系,进出口贸易与利用外资迅速扩展的情况。由于沿海地区与内陆地区社会经济发展水平及区位条件的差异,沿海地区获得更多的发展机会,从而在一定程度上影响了我国城镇体系的变化,加速沿海原有新城镇群的发展,新城镇群的形成,但由此也带来了沿海城镇的外来暂住人口大量增加、交通拥挤、土地利用难以控制以及环境污染加重等问题,城镇之间的竞争多于协调,对城镇体系的发展不利。     

An evolutionary model for sabkha development on the north coast of the UAE

The north coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) provides a typical example of coastal sabkha (supratidal flat) formation. Various stages of sabkha development can be recognized along this coast. This paper combines previous studies of sabkha environment with the results of field investigation of sabkha geomorphology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy on the north coast of UAE, to formulate a model of sabkha evolution.The model has six stages in the evolution of coastal sabkhas following the early Holocene sea-level rise. These are: Stage 1: sea-level rise results in the formation of an embayment. Stage 2: involves subsequent spit development and progradation across the bay as a result of sediment availability. Stage 3: coincident with spit evolution is the development of a khor (tidal inlet) with or without mangrove. Channel depth of Khors varies from 4 to 6 m. Stage 4: sediment accumulates in the khor reducing the khor depth, turning it into a lagoon. There are three sub-stages of the lagoon stage. (a) With lagoon depths of 1–2 m, (b) with lagoon depths 0.5 m or less, (c) when the lagoon floor is exposed at low tide. Stage 5: is sabkha formation; development occurs in two sub-stages. In the first the sabkha is immature and flooded during rain storms and spring tides (0.1 m above present sea-level). Later the sabkha is only flooded after rainstorms, when it reaches an elevation of about 1 m or more above present sea-level. Stage 6: in sabkha development is the coastal plain, which results when large sabkhas are linked together.     

Seismic event, sequence and tectonic significance in Canglangpu Stage in Paleo-Tanlu Fault Zone

The Canglangpu Stage of Lower Cambrian Series is widely distributed along both sides of the Tanlu (Tancheng-Lujiang) Fault Zone in the Jiao-Liao-Xu-Huai regions. In the Liaodong Peninsula, the Canglangpu Stage consists of three formations, i.e. Gejiatun, Dalinzi and Jianchang formations in ascending order (lying on the eastern side of the Tanlu Fault Zone). The Dalinzi Formation, developing in a littoral Sabkha environment, is full of catastrophic event records of violent seism, such as liquefied muddy-sandy veins, hydroplastic folds, hydroplastic micro-faults (three forming an organic whole), liquefied crinkled deformations, liquefied breccia and sandy dikes. Based on such records, the seismic liquified sequence of argillaceous rocks in Sabkha is built up. In northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, however, there hardly observe seismic records in the Canglangpu Stage, which consists of Jinshanzhai and lower Gouhou and upper Gouhou formations (lying on the western side of the Tanlu Fault Zone). Even if the Gouhou Formation, developing in a lagoon-dry environment, is in the same climate zone as the Dalinzi Formation, and 4 depositional sequences have been identified in the Canglangpu Stage in Northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, however, in the same stage in the Liaodong Peninsula, there exist only 3 ones. Therefore, it is not supported by the above mentioned evidence (such as catastrophic events, sequences stratigraphy and lithologic correlation of formations) that the Canglangpu Stage in the Liaodong Peninsula came from northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces through a long-distance, about hundreds kilometers, left-hand displacement of the Tanlu Fault in the Mesozoic era.     

Tracing anthropogenic inputs to production in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan - A stable isotope approach

The Seto Inland Sea (SIS) receives waste runoff from ∼24% of Japan’s total population, yet it is also important in regional fisheries, recreation and commerce. During August 2006 we measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of particulate organic matter (POM) and zooplankton across urban population gradients of the SIS. Results showed a consistent trend of increasing δ¹⁵N in POM and zooplankton from the western to eastern subsystems of the SIS, corresponding to increasing population load. Principal components analysis of environmental variables indicated high positive loadings of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C with high chlorophyll-a and surface water temperatures, and negative loadings of low salinities related to inputs from large rivers and high urban development in the eastern SIS. Anthropogenic nitrogen was therefore readily integrated into the SIS food web from primary production to copepods, which are a critical food source for many commercially important fishes.     

一个内陆台风的湿有效能量分析

该文利用新给出的公式计算了1981年第8号台风各个时段的湿有效能量(MAE)及其三个分量。结果发现:台风系统是一个高能体，温带气旋阶段系统的MAE比热带台风阶段的MAE大。MAE的变化主要是由于它的正压分量和斜压分量变化引起；在系统降水的不同阶段表现出不同的能量特征。台风暴雨的形成主要靠消耗MAE的斜压分量和对流层下层的层结分量能量。     

中国内陆高原不同海拔地区雷暴电学特征成因的初步分析

通过分析中国内陆高原西藏那曲、 青海大通、 甘肃中川和平凉4个不同海拔高度地区雷暴的电学特征发现, 不同地区间雷暴电学特征有其共性, 但也存在一定的差异。根据过顶雷暴的地面电场演变特征, 内陆高原地区雷暴可以分为特殊型和常规型两类\.特殊型雷暴在当顶阶段地面电场呈正极性, 即雷暴下部存在范围较大的正电荷区（LPCC）, 且特殊型雷暴所占比例随海拔高度的增加有所增加; 常规型雷暴在当顶阶段地面电场为负极性, 与低海拔地区常规雷暴引起的地面电场类似。结合4个地区的地面气象要素以及探空资料的分析, 发现不同地区对应的部分热动力参量以及大气层结参数存在显著差异\.分析表明, 地气温差和暖云区厚度对雷暴云LPCC的强弱有显著的指示意义, 当地气温差越大、 暖云区厚度越薄时, 雷暴云LPCC的强度相对较大; 反之, 雷暴云LPCC的强度及范围都较小。数值模拟结果表明, 特殊型雷暴云内最大上升气流区存在的范围以及总比含水量大于常规型雷暴, 上升气流的强弱以及WCD的大小在很大程度上决定了云内水成物粒子的浓度。     

Origin and geochemical reaction paths of sabkha brines: Sabkha Jayb Uwayyid, eastern Saudi Arabia

Sabkhas are ubiquitous geomorphic features in eastern Saudi Arabia. Seven brine samples were taken from Sabkha Jayb Uwayyid in eastern Saudi Arabia. Brine chemistry, saturation state with respect to carbonate and evaporate minerals, and evaporation-driven geochemical reaction paths were investigated to delineate the origin of brines and the evolution of both brine chemistry and sabkha mineralogy. The average total dissolved solids in the sabkha brines is 243 g/l. The order of cation dominance is Na⁺   >>  Mg²⁺ >>  Ca²⁺>K⁺, while anion dominance is Cl⁻ >> SO₄ ²⁻ >> HCO₃ ⁻. Based on the chemical divide principle and observed ion ratios, it was concluded that sabkha brines have evolved from deep groundwater rather than from direct rainfall, runoff from the surroundings, or inflow of shallow groundwater. Aqueous speciation simulations show that: (1) all seven brines are supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and magnesite and undersaturated with respect to halite; (2) three brines are undersaturated with respect to both gypsum and anhydrite, while three brines are supersaturated with respect to both minerals; (3) anhydrite is a more stable solid phase than gypsum in four brines. Evaporation factors required to bring the brines to the halite phase boundary ranged from 1.016 to 4.53. All reaction paths to the halite phase boundary follow the neutral path as CO₂ is degassed and dolomite precipitates from the brines. On average, a sabkha brine containing 1 kg of H₂O precipitates 7.6 g of minerals along the reaction path to the halite phase boundary, of which 52% is anhydrite, 35.3% is gypsum, and 12.7% is dolomite. Bicarbonate is the limiting factor of dolomite precipitation, and sulfate is the limiting factor of gypsum and anhydrite precipitation from sabkha brines.     

内陆盐沼湿地土壤碳氮磷剖面分布的季节动态特征

本文以向海湿地为例探讨了内陆盐沼湿地土壤剖面中碳氮磷等生源要素的季节动态变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,内陆盐沼湿地土壤中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量与土壤深度之间存在显著负相关,在剖面中均表现为由表层向下层其含量不断减少的趋势,且具有明显的季节波动特征,除表层土壤碳氮含量随季节变化呈持续增加外,生源要素剖面分布的季节变化基本表现为先减少后增加的趋势.有机碳、全氮和全磷含量之间关系密切,且三者受土壤粒度的影响都非常显著.土壤pH值仅与土壤有机碳之间存在显著的相关关系,而对全氮和全磷含量的影响则不显著.     

陆地水体对周围空气比湿影响的初步研究

通过建立一个包含比较详细的地面和水体内物理过程的非静力近似中小尺度数值模式,模拟陆地水体对周围空气比湿影响的空间分布,模拟结果与实际情况比较接近。计算结果表明:水体在冬季和夏季都增加周围空气的比湿;增加的幅度是晴天大于阴天、夜间大于白天、冬季大于夏季;仅在夏季晴天正午时,由于水体强烈降温,近水面大气层结很稳定,水体附近空气比湿略有降低。空气比湿的改变主要发生在气流刚过水面的2—3km范围内;在岸上水体影响接近指数律减小,水体对空气比湿影响消失的距离为:在上风岸不到4km,下风岸可超过20km;水体影响空气比湿的高度为200—400m。     

应用GRNN神经网络模型计算西北干旱区内陆河流域出山径流

根据全球变化对2030年降水量和气温的预测结果,设置不同的气候变化情景,应用GRNN模型对黑河出山径流进行了预测。结果表明,到2030年,黑河出山径流将有小幅度的增加。随着气温的不断上升,出山年径流量最终将减少。