内陆核电厂对水库环境的影响—以咸宁核电厂为例

随着我国核电产业的迅速发展,内陆核电厂的建没成为必然趋势.本文以成宁核电厂为例,从辐射影响、余氯影响和冷却系统影响等方面,评价核电厂对富水水库可能造成的环境影响.评价结果显示,核电厂放射性释放对于水库中参考鱼类产生的总辐射剂量率为2.06×10~(-4)mGy/d,低于背景辐射本底值和国际组织推荐限值;核电厂造成的库区和下游饮水口处水体中的总β放射性,叠加本底值后仍满足1Bq/L的生活饮用水质要求;核电厂运行的化学排放和冷却系统对于水库环境的影响也很小.同时,在与美国North Anna核电厂环境影响进行比较的基础上,分析了在我国滨湖厂址建设核电厂的适宜性,并对减缓内陆核电厂对湖库环境的影响给出建议.     

A short-lived aeolian event during the Early Holocene in southeastern Norway

The Starmoen dune field is part of a larger aeolian system in the Jømna and Glomma river valleys in southeastern Norway. It is believed to have formed just after the last deglaciation in the area, but no absolute ages have been available to support this. Here, we present a set of quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from the aeolian sediments and the underlying glacifluvial deposits. The results show that the main dune-building phase was a short-lived event ∼10 ka ago, likely with a duration less than a few hundred years. This suggests a rapid stabilisation of an initially unstable environment in newly deglaciated terrain. A much younger event with limited and surficial reworking of sand is dated to 770 ± 110 years ago, and the modern age of an active dune provide additional OSL quality control. Age overestimation is found for glacifluvial sediments, probably due to incomplete bleaching as indicated by e.g. scattered dose distributions from small aliquots. OSL measurements were conducted using coarse quartz grains (180–250 m), which show a dominance of a fast signal component.     

Depositional history of a muddy sabkha complex in the Sokoto Basin of Nigeria,West Africa

Sedimentological and stratigraphical analysis of the Sokoto Basin has resulted in recognition of four lithostratigraphic units. They are Unit A—siltstone and fine-grained sandstone; Unit B—shale and marl; Unit C—limestone and calcareous shale; and Unit D—red sandstone. Unit A represents a wadi plain system composed of desert-alluvial beds; Unit B, a mud-rich sabkha system; and Unit C, an inner-shelf carbonate system. A marine transgression from the northwest began in the Maastrichtian and reached its peak in the Palaeocene. After regression in the late Palaeocene, the area was subjected to erosion, followed by fluvial sedimentation of Unit D. Wadi plain beds and mud-rich sabkha facies of Sokoto Basin are similar to alluvial and coastal mud-flat deposits in the northwestern Gulf of California and ephemeral stream and tidal-flat sediments in Gladstone Embayment, Australia.     

Long-term variability of shelf water intrusion and its influence on hydrographic and biogeochemical properties of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

The variability of the pathway of the Kuroshio is known to control that of the intensity of upwelling of the cold and nutrient-rich deep shelf water at the shelf-break point. This study has investigated the influences of the long-term variability of the hydrographical and biogeochemical conditions at the shelf-break point on those in the inner Seto Inland Sea. Results from observations conducted since 1972 by prefectural fisheries observatories showed a temporary decrease of temperature in the lower layer of the entrance of Kii Channel in summertime in the specific years when the Kuroshio pathway favored deep shelf water intrusion. A corresponding change in temperature was also found in the inner shelf sea, such as western Osaka Bay and Harima-Nada. The model developed in this study covers a 30-year period and well reproduces the temporal change in temperature. It also shows sufficient reproducibility in both seasonal behavior of hydrographical and biogeochemical properties and the inter-annual variability of hydrographical properties throughout the eastern Seto Inland Sea. It was found that the inter-annual variations of annual total flux through the section at the entrance to Kii Channel affect the inter-annual variation of the observed concentration of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) in Harima Nada, but the effect was smaller than those of river input and other parameters.     

概念性水文模型在出山径流预报中的应用

根据HBV水文模型的基本原理，建立了西北干旱区内陆河出山径流概念性水文模型。该模型反映了我国西部山区流域的径流形成特征，将山区流域划分为高山冰雪冻土带和山区植被带两个基本海拔景观带来对山区径流的形成和汇流过程进行模拟计算，以常规气象站的月气温和降水量为模型的初始输入，模拟计算月出山径流量。应用该模型对河西走廊黑河祁连山北坡的山区流域水量平衡进行了模拟计算，并对年径流和逐月分配进行了预报。结果表明，从枯水年到丰水年，降水量、蒸发量、径流量和径流系数均增加，而冰川融水和积雪融水对出山径流的补给比重则减少，这表明了冰雪融水对径流的具有调节作用。黑河山区流域径流系数远比干旱内流区的平均值大，但要小于全国的平均径流系数。所提出的内陆河山区流域出山径流的模拟和预报模型对年径流量和月分配的预报具有较好的精度，可用于黑河以及其他西北干旱区内陆河出山径流的预报，为内陆河流域中下游的水资源分配和开发利用提供依据。     

西北内陆盆地山前带典型地下水赋存模式探讨

文章根据西部严重缺水地区人畜饮用地下水勘查示范工程成果,对西北内陆盆地山前带地下水赋存机理与开发利用模式进行了总结探讨,提出了四种地下水赋存模式,为解决类似缺水地区居民生活用水问题,提供地下水勘查及开发利用的参考.     

The ecological features and significance of hydrology within arid inland river basins of China

 Hydrology and ecology are two important factors affecting the rational utilization of limited water resources within the arid inland basins of China. They depend on, are influenced by, and interact with each other. But, the functions and significance of the hydrological ecology vary from upper through intermediate to lower reaches. Abundant rainfall and large runoff in the upper regions favor the vegetation growth, and the bushy vegetation helps conserve water resources. The large-scale reclamation in the intermediate regions leads to many sustainable oases, but with severely changed hydrological conditions and destroyed ecological systems. Human activities result in the degradation of the vegetation and declination of the ecological system at the intermediate and lower regions. It is necessary to establish study approaches to ecological hydrology in arid inland river basins. Received: 30 October 1997 · Accepted: 26 May 1998     

内陆盐沼湿地土壤碳氮磷剖面分布的季节动态特征

本文以向海湿地为例探讨了内陆盐沼湿地土壤剖面中碳氮磷等生源要素的季节动态变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,内陆盐沼湿地土壤中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量与土壤深度之间存在显著负相关,在剖面中均表现为由表层向下层其含量不断减少的趋势,且具有明显的季节波动特征,除表层土壤碳氮含量随季节变化呈持续增加外,生源要素剖面分布的季节变化基本表现为先减少后增加的趋势.有机碳、全氮和全磷含量之间关系密切,且三者受土壤粒度的影响都非常显著.土壤pH值仅与土壤有机碳之间存在显著的相关关系,而对全氮和全磷含量的影响则不显著.     

内陆河流域水文过程研究的一些科学问题

水科学研究的发展,对水文科学提出了新的挑战,即如何在流域、区域和全球尺度进行学科交叉、综合集成和协同研究,从而更全面地认识水在地球资源和环境变化中的作用,认识水圈及其与大气圈、岩石圈和生物圈的相互作用。为了解内陆河流域水文循环和水量平衡各分量之间的变化和转化关系及其与生态和环境之间的相互作用,以及对全球变化和人类活动的响应和反馈,基于内陆河流域上游山区径流形成区、中游人工绿洲水资源开发利用区和下游荒漠绿洲径流散失区的流域水文循环特征,从能水通量、生态和生物地球化学过程讨论了山区水文过程;从生态水文、尺度转换、阈值和反馈讨论了水文和植被的相互作用;从国外提出的关键作用带的概念讨论了内陆河流域地下水—土壤—植被作用层的水文过程。提出了开展内陆河流域水文过程观测和研究的基本框架。     

陆地水体对周围空气比湿影响的初步研究

通过建立一个包含比较详细的地面和水体内物理过程的非静力近似中小尺度数值模式,模拟陆地水体对周围空气比湿影响的空间分布,模拟结果与实际情况比较接近。计算结果表明:水体在冬季和夏季都增加周围空气的比湿;增加的幅度是晴天大于阴天、夜间大于白天、冬季大于夏季;仅在夏季晴天正午时,由于水体强烈降温,近水面大气层结很稳定,水体附近空气比湿略有降低。空气比湿的改变主要发生在气流刚过水面的2—3km范围内;在岸上水体影响接近指数律减小,水体对空气比湿影响消失的距离为:在上风岸不到4km,下风岸可超过20km;水体影响空气比湿的高度为200—400m。