Modelling the atmospheric CO2 10-μm non-thermal emission in Mars and Venus at high spectral resolution

A study of the CO₂ atmospheric emissions at 10-μm in the upper atmospheres of Mars and Venus is performed in order to explain a number of ground-based measurements of these emissions recently taken at very high spectral resolution in both planets. The measurements are normally used to derive atmospheric temperatures and winds, but uncertainties on the actual emission layers were so far a serious drawback for their correct interpretation. The non-LTE models used for Mars and Venus in the present analysis are entirely similar in order to perform consistent comparisons between the two planets. In particular, the same scheme of CO₂ states and ro-vibrational bands are used, with similar assumptions on collisional routes and rate coef?cients, and also the same radiative transfer approximations. The emissions at 10-μm are produced in both atmospheres by the same excitation mechanism: radiative pumping of the CO₂(00⁰1) vibrational state by direct solar absorption(at 4.3 μm) and indirect absorption (at 2.7 μm, followed by collisional quenching). The computed radiances are specially strong in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere of the two planets during maximum solar illumination, producing a population inversion in such conditions with the lower states of the bands, the CO₂ (10⁰0) and CO₂(02⁰0). We obtained that other population inversions are also possible, involving higher energy CO₂ states. The larger solar ?ux available on Venus is found to produce larger vibrational populations and stronger emissions than equivalent atmospheric layers on Mars, in agreement with the observations. A number of perturbation studies were used to determine the exact emission altitudes, or weighting function peaks, for usual nadir sounding. The sensitivity of the emission to non-LTE model uncertainties and to atmospheric variations in temperature and CO₂ density is also presented. The dependence with the solar zenith angle and with the emission angle, as obtained with this model, could also be useful for guiding future observations.     

青藏高原雅江缝合带及班公湖-怒江缝合带热红外遥感研究

对青藏高原进行了热红外遥感研究,发现热异常区域变化与前人结论不符.过去认为青藏高原南部的雅江缝合带温度高,北部低;而本文的研究结果是中部的班公-怒江缝合带地区高,雅江缝合带次之,藏北最低.将青藏高原雅江和班公怒江缝合带地区作为研究示范区,开展青藏高原陆面温度场、计算地表比辐射率和野外地表层钻孔测温与数据处理等研究,探索热红外遥感与构造热动力学关系的机理,为青藏高原新构造运动和深部热动力学研究提供科学依据,取得了青藏高原热动力学研究的新成果.     

遥感气体探测技术在地震监测中的应用

扼要介绍了卫星高光谱红外大气遥感的原理,气体组分探测技术、反演技术和研究应用的发展历程,着重介绍了该技术在地震监测中的研究应用。遥感气体地球化学在地震监测方面的应用大致可以分为间接观测和直接观测2个方面:1利用卫星红外遥感间接监测地震断裂带脱气;2利用卫星探测大气成分的传感器直接监测地震前后的气体地球化学异常。通过分析地下气体逸散引起的物理化学异常与地震活动的关系,提取地震气体地球化学信息。介绍了典型震例的气体地球化学异常特征及其可能的形成机理,提出了存在的问题以及未来的研究重点。     

地面热红外发射率的天顶角变化效应

文中着重研究了自然地表面的红外辐射的方向特征 ,实地测量了发射率随观测天顶角的变化 ,分别对卫星资料反演地面温度和地面辐射测量作出红外发射率的观测天顶角修正 ,两者比较的结果表明 ,发射观测天顶角修正在精确地面温度的反演计算中不可忽视 ,尤其在大角度观测情况下 ,对某些地物发射率方向特征的修正比发射率本身的修正更重要。     

太行山东麓焚风天气的统计特征和机理分析Ⅰ:统计特征

利用2007-2008年京津冀区自动站资料,根据小时变温,对太行山东麓焚风天气进行了详细的统计和分析。结果表明,焚风具有明显的季节变化和日变化,其分布特征在夜间表现明显,强焚风一般出现在太行山东侧50km内,而弱焚风则可到达太行山以东100km范围内;太行山北段的东南侧和南段的东侧呈现出两个焚风中心,而中段附近焚风出现的相对较少;焚风出现的位置与风向的关系密切,西北风造成的焚风主要出现在太行山北段东侧,偏西风主要影响太行山南段,而西南风主要影响中段;焚风强度与风速大小有一定的对应关系,具有明显的阵性特征;在红外云图中焚风常表现为一条明显的暗带;太行山东麓焚风造成的加热区可向东或东南方向移动,影响河北平原。     

OH-bearing planar defects in olivine produced by the breakdown of Ti-rich humite minerals from Dabie Shan (China)

The partial breakdown of Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite during exhumation from ultra-high pressure to amphibolite facies conditions in garnet-pyroxenites from Dabie Shan (China) produces coronas of olivine coexisting with ilmenite blebs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of this newly formed olivine exhibit absorption bands in the hydroxyl-stretching region. Two intense peaks were observed at 3,564 and 3,394 cm⁻¹, identical in energy to peaks in Ti-clinohumite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same olivine domains revealed the presence of a complex (001) planar intergrowth. These interlayers have a 1.35 nm repeat distance, which is characteristic of clinohumite. Such interlayers are also enriched in Ti with respect to the adjacent olivine as shown by energy dispersive spectrometry. The combined evidence from FTIR spectroscopy and TEM indicates that OH is incorporated along Ti-clinohumite planar defects. This study provides evidence that the nominally anhydrous phase olivine may contain OH as a humite-type defect beyond the breakdown of the hydrous humite minerals and confirms earlier suggestions that Ti plays a key role in OH incorporation in mantle olivine. We suggest that olivine containing Ti-clinohumite defects is an important phase for water transport in subduction zones and for the storage of water in cold subcontinental mantle. However, these defects are unlikely to be stable in hotter parts of the oceanic mantle such as where basaltic magmas are generated.     

Behaviour of Fe-oxides relevant to contaminant uptake in the environment

The behaviour of Fe-oxides was investigated during precipitation and co-precipitation, phase transformation and dissolution, while their ability to adsorb and incorporate trace components was examined. Some samples were synthesised and studied under controlled laboratory conditions and other samples were taken from experiments designed to test the effectiveness of waste treatment strategies using iron. Surface-sensitive and high-resolution techniques were used to complement information gathered from classical, macroscopic methods.

Adsorption isotherms for Ni²⁺ uptake on synthetic ferrihydrite (Fe₅HO₈·4H₂O, often written simply Fe(OH)₃), goethite (-FeOOH), hematite (-Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) were all similar, increasing as expected at higher pH. Desorption behaviour was also similar, but one third or more of the Ni²⁺ failed to return to solution. In the past, “irreversible sorption” has been blamed on uptake into micro-fractures or pores, but during examination (using Atomic force microscopy, AFM) of hundreds of Fe-oxide particles, no evidence for such features could be found, leading to the conclusion that Ni²⁺ must become incorporated onto or into the solids. When solutions of Fe(II) are oxidised in controlled laboratory conditions or during treatment of ash from municipal waste incinerators, two-line ferrihydrite forms rapidly and on never-dried samples, AFM shows abundant individual particles with diameter ranging from 0.5 to several tens of nanometers. Aging in solution at 70°C promotes growth of the particles into hematite and goethite and their identification (by X-ray powder diffraction, XRPD, with Rietveld refinement) becomes possible at the same aging stage as mineral morphology becomes recognisable by AFM. In other experiments that were designed to mimic natural attack by organic acids, colloidal lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was observed in situ by AFM, while reductive dissolution removed material on specific crystal faces. Lath ends are eroded fastest while basal planes are more stable.

In order to help elucidate mechanisms of contaminant immobilisation by Fe-oxides, we examined samples from a reactive barrier made with 90% quartz sand, 5% bentonite and 5% zero-valent iron filings that had reacted with a solution typical of leachate from coal-burning fly ash using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Fe(0) oxidised to Fe(III), while soluble and toxic Cr(VI) was reduced to insoluble Cr(III). Chemical maps show Fe-oxide coatings on bentonite; Cr is associated with Fe-oxides to some extent but its association with Ca in a previously undescribed phase is much stronger. Other samples taken from municipal waste incinerator ash that had been treated by aeration in Fe(II) solutions were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Pb and some Zn are seen to be dispersed throughout two-line ferrihydrite aggregates, whereas Sn and some Zn are incorporated simply as a result of entrainment of individual ZnSn-oxide crystallites.

Geochemical speciation models that fail to account for contaminant uptake in solid solutions within major phases or as thin coatings or entrained crystals of uncommon phases such as those described here risk to underestimate contaminant retardation or immobilisation.     

流体包裹体盐度低温拉曼光谱测定方法研究

氯盐溶液作为流体包裹体中最普遍和最重要的盐水化合物,是测定包裹体盐水溶液含盐度的主要溶质,但由于其强离子键化合物的分子特性在常温、常压下没有拉曼效应,拉曼光谱测试无法获取氯盐的有效特征信息,使得利用拉曼光谱研究流体包裹体分子组分及含盐度的方法存在严重缺陷。本文联合利用激光拉曼光谱探针和冷热台,原位采集了不同盐度的NaCl-H₂O和CaCl₂-H₂O标准盐水溶液在低温下(-185℃)形成的冰、NaCl水合物和CaCl₂水合物的拉曼光谱,分析了不同盐度标准盐水溶液形成的水合物拉曼特征峰的变化规律,尝试建立流体包裹体盐度低温拉曼光谱测定方法。分析表明,NaCl水合物约3425 cm^-1拉曼特征峰与冰约3120 cm^-1拉曼特征峰峰面积比值和配制的NaCl-H₂O标准溶液盐度呈良好的正相关(r²=0.9995),CaCl₂水合物约3431 cm^-1拉曼特征峰与冰约3120 cm^-1拉曼特征峰峰面积比值也和配制的CaCl₂-H₂O标准溶液盐度呈较好的正相关(r²=0.9458)。利用愈合人工水晶法合成的NaCl-H₂O和CaCl₂-H₂O包裹体标样检验了用上述方法低温测定流体包裹体盐度的可靠性,结果表明该技术用于盐度大于0.5 mol/L的NaCl-H₂O体系流体包裹体时,数据精度好于20%;用于盐度大于0.5 mol/L的CaCl₂-H₂O体系流体包裹体时,数据精度最高可达5%,完全可达到半定量-定量测定的要求。研究还发现,包裹体内压可能对低温拉曼光谱测定流体包裹体盐度影响不大,分析中获得的冰拉曼特征峰的拉曼位移(约3120 cm^-1)与前人略有差异,可能与实验条件下获得的冰的多型不同有关。与国内外同行的研究结果比较,本研究更加注重该项实验技术的实际应用,通过对不同体系盐水溶液系列进行拉曼光谱实验分析,对实验条件和方法进行不断优化,在确定流体体系的同时实现了包裹体盐水溶液盐度半定量-定量测定,准确度优于传统方法,并且该方法具有很强的实用性。     

Palaeodiet of Miocene Producers and Depositional Environments: Inferences from the First Evidence of Microcoprolites from India

This paper reviews research on coprolites from India, providing the first evidence of microcoprolites from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) Khari Nadi Formation sedimentary succession, exposed about 1.5 km northeast of the village of Kotada, Kachchh (Kutch) District, Gujarat State, western India. Morphometric and size comparisons (in a statistical framework) with known coprolites from the Mesozoic-Cenozoic successions of India (including those recorded herein) and globally suggest that fishes were the likely producers of the Kotada coprolites. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the presence of fish dental remains within the coprolites, while both Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) reveal the phosphatic nature of the microscopic coprolite specimens (recorded herein) hinting that the producer(s) were predominantly carnivorous (ichthyophagous) in their diet. Furthermore, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the host and associated lithologies allows us to deduce that the Kotada coprolites were deposited in a shallow marine environment, with possible aerial exposure of the host lithology occurring at some point after deposition. To the best of our knowledge, the present report is the first record of microscopic fish coprolites from India, as well as being the first from the Aquitanian of India and the oldest Neogene record from India.     

坡缕石的红外光谱研究

在仔细分析坡缕石结构特点的基础上,对坡缕石结构的组成离子进行了详细划分。利用晶体化学和分子轨道理论,深入研究了热液型和沉积型坡缕石的红外光谱谱图特点, 对坡缕石结构中的水以及 Ｓｉ— Ｏ 区红外吸收带进行了归属研究。其中, 约 ３６９４ ｃｍ － １ 、３６１１ｃｍ － １ 吸收带分别归属为 ν Ｍ ｇ— Ｏ Ｈ 、ν Ａｌ— Ｏ Ｈ , 约 ３５４０ ｃｍ － １ 吸收带归属为 ν Ｏ Ｈ ２ , 约 ３３９４ ｃｍ － １ 、３２９４ｃｍ － １ 吸收带归属为ν Ｈ２ Ｏ , 约 １６５５ ｃｍ － １、１４００ ｃｍ － １ 吸收带归属为δ Ｏ Ｈ ２ 、δ Ｈ ２ Ｏ ; Ｓｉ— Ｏ 振动区,连接坡缕石倒转结构单元间的直线型 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥倒— Ｓｉ的红外振动吸收频率最高, 与活性氧结合的 Ｓｉ— Ｏ活红外振动吸收频率居次, 其中 Ｓｉ— Ｏ活边 高于 Ｓｉ— Ｏ活内, 而连接辉石式单链的 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥非— Ｓｉ较低, 且 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥非间— Ｓｉ比 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥非内 — Ｓｉ低。