COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

Re-Os同位素定年对岩浆型Cu-Ni硫化物矿床成矿时代的制约

Re-Os同位素体系被认为是岩浆Cu-Ni硫化物矿床直接定年的有力工具。通过研究世界级典型岩浆Cu-Ni硫化物矿床的Re-Os等时线表面年龄,发现有时能得到成矿年龄,有时得到与成矿年龄不一致的表面年龄或根本得不到Re-Os等时线,还有时同一矿床的不同类型矿石给出不同的Re-Os等时线表面年龄。文章介绍了能够解释上述现象的理论模型。模型预测对与基性-超基性岩共生的Cu-Ni硫化物矿床,除一些特殊情况外,块状矿石可得到有地质意义的Re-Os等时线年龄,浸染状矿石常得到没有地质意义的假等时线;而浸染状矿石常得到有地质意义的Os同位素初始比值,而块状矿石给出的"Os同位素表面初始比值"往往没有地质意义。因此,建议在应用Re-Os同位素体系定年时要结合矿床类型、矿石类型以及成矿过程等因素综合考虑;对Re-Os数据的科学合理解释同样需要从矿床学和同位素地球化学的基本原理出发,结合矿床的实际情况,进行深入分析研究。     

Post‐deposition diffusion of 137Cs in lake sediment: Implications for radiocaesium dating

Peak activities of radiocaesium (¹³⁷Cs) in lake sediments have frequently been used to infer the ages of sediments deposited in the 1960s (¹³⁷Cs derived from nuclear bomb testing) or in 1986 (Chernobyl derived ¹³⁷Cs). Records of the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in sediments can thus be used to provide accurate dates for a critical period in which palaeoecological reconstructions often overlap contemporary monitoring data. However, knowledge regarding how the distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in sediments is affected by post‐depositional processes is limited to interpretations based on the ¹³⁷Cs distribution in sediments sampled at a single given date. This study assesses the extent to which the ¹³⁷Cs record in annually laminated (varved) lake sediments is affected by post‐depositional diffusion, using 11 archived sediment cores sampled between 1986 and 2007. The sediment record reveals how Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs incorporated into the 1986 varve diffused downwards in the core at a decreasing rate over time, whereas the surface sediments continued to receive inputs of ¹³⁷Cs mobilized from the catchment soils or lake margin. In spite of these processes, all cores post‐dating the Chernobyl accident had a clear and well‐resolved peak in the 1986 varve, justifying the use of this feature as a fixed chronostratigraphic feature. Because of the very high levels of Chernobyl fallout at this site, downwards migration of Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs has, however, completely masked the nuclear weapons ¹³⁷Cs fallout peak that had been clearly preserved in the 1964 varve of a pre‐Chernobyl core sampled just three weeks before the Chernobyl accident. In consequence, the weapons fallout marker is likely to be of little use for determining ¹³⁷Cs dates in areas strongly affected by high levels of Chernobyl fallout.     

Origins of yttrium and rare earth element distributions in metamorphic garnet

Highly variable distributions of yttrium and rare earth elements (Y+REEs) are documented in pelitic garnet from the Picuris Mountains, New Mexico, and from Passo del Sole, Switzerland, and in mafic garnet from the Franciscan Complex, California. The wide variety of these Y+REE zoning patterns, and those described previously in other occurrences, imply diverse origins linked to differing degrees of mobility of these elements through the intergranular medium during garnet growth. In the Picuris Mountains, large, early‐nucleating crystals have radial profiles of Y+REE dominated by central peaks and annular maxima, in patterns that vary systematically with atomic number. Superimposed on these features are narrow spikes in HREEs and MREEs, located progressively rimward with decreasing atomic number. In contrast, profiles in small, late‐nucleating crystals contain only broad central maxima for all Y+REEs. In garnet from Passo del Sole, Y+REE zoning varies radically from sample to sample: in some rocks, crystals of all sizes display only central peaks for all Y+REEs; in others, profiles exhibit irregular fluctuations in Y+REE contents that match up with small‐scale patchy zoning in Y and Ca X‐ray maps. In the Franciscan Complex, Y+REE in garnet cores fluctuate unsystematically, but mantles and rims display concentric oscillatory zoning for both major elements and Y+REEs. Our interpretation of the complexity of Y+REE distributions in metamorphic garnet centres on the concept that these distributions vary primarily in response to the length scales over which these elements can equilibrate during garnet growth. Very short length scales of equilibration, due to low intergranular mobility, produce overprint zoning characterized by small‐scale irregularities. Higher but still restricted mobility yields diffusion‐controlled uptake, characterized by patterns of central peaks and annular maxima that vary with atomic number and are strongly influenced by T–t paths during garnet growth. Still greater mobility permits progressively greater, potentially rock‐wide, equilibration with major‐ and accessory‐phase assemblages, leading to mineralogical controls: an unchanging mineral assemblage during garnet growth produces bell‐shaped profiles resembling those produced by Rayleigh fractionation, whereas changes in major‐ and/or accessory‐phase assemblages produce profiles with distinct annuli and sharp discontinuities in concentration. The very high mobility associated with influxes of Y+REE‐bearing fluids can cause these element distributions to be dominated by factors external to the rock, yielding profiles characterized by abrupt shifts or oscillations that are not correlated to changes in mineral assemblages.     

试论地质档案资料信息化建设

地质档案资料信息化建设不仅提高了档案管理工作的工作效率,节约了地质档案管理的人力、财力,而且有效地实现了地质档案资源共享,符合社会生产的发展要求,提高了地质档案管理的社会效益和经济效益。所以加强地质档案资料管理对充分发挥其作用都有着非常重要的意义。     

浅谈地震台站信息节点的维护管理——以天津市地震局宝坻地震台为例

以天津市地震局宝坻地震台为例,介绍了地震台站信息节点的概况及其维护管理,对地震台站信息节点的稳定运行有参考意义。     

农业科技园区的技术扩散

农业科技园区是农业创新发展的技术极,是新时期中国农业技术扩散的新模式.在系统梳理国内外农业技术扩散相关研究的基础上,从地理学视角提出了农业科技园区技术扩散的研究框架;分析了农业技术极的成长机制,农业技术扩散系统及其特征,构建了技术扩散环境评价指标体系;基于"基础"范式,探讨了农业科技园区技术扩散的时间过程特征(扩散阶段,扩散速度,扩散广度),空间过程特征(扩散效应,空间形式)及其影响机理,指出园区技术扩散遵循"点--轴"扩散的基本规律;基于"采用"范式,分析了农户技术采用的影响因素与机制,探讨了不同环境,不同属性技术对农户采用行为的影响.最后,指出农业科技园区技术扩散研究需要进一步探讨的问题.     

基于信息扩散理论的重庆北碚降水风险分析

为了解北碚地区的降水风险规律,减少地区旱涝引起的灾害损失.利用北碚区地面气象观测站的年降水观测资料（1981～2010年）,结合信息扩散理论模型,分析北碚地区的降水风险及成因.结果显示：（1）北碚地区降水的概率曲线为单峰型,峰值在1000～1100mm,夏季降水量离散程度比春、秋两季高,存在明显的旱季或涝季.（2）汛期降水量和年降水量的概率分布曲线趋势基本一致,也存在一些差异.（3）降水日分布特征显示雨量从21时开始增加,03时累积雨量为最大值,20时达到最低水平;降水频次从21时开始逐渐增加,并在08时达到最大.在暴雨小时降水量中5mm/h以下的降水次数最多,约占总次数的41％.     

基于空间信息源的多尺度地形图智能化缩编体系研究与实践

各种比例尺地形图担负着不同的社会、经济职能,多尺度地形图生产和建库,是基础地理信息系统建设的重要内容,也是信息库建设的重点和难点。以往获得较小比例尺地形图成果,一是按照尺度划分规则分别测绘,二是采用制图综合软件逐级梯度缩编,无论哪种方法都存在着效率低、时间长、更新困难、质量因人而异的缺陷。研究采用新的技术方法,基于空间信息源的多尺度地形图智能化缩编,借助空间信息数据库的整体性、适应性、拓展性、算法先进性和超强分析能力,运用空间信息拓扑关系,建立基本比例尺图形数据库,在信息数据库中智能化完成梯级比例尺缩编、跨比例尺缩编及任意比例尺缩编,自动建立相应比例尺图形数据库,同时保障多尺度图形数据库及时更新和维护,克服传统方法测制与缩编各级比例尺地形图的弊端,保障系列比例尺地形图与基本比例尺图形数据库的一致性、实时性,满足各层次、各行业用图需求,方便快速建立城市DSM地表模型和空间真三维地理模型。该方法具有成本低、速度快、精度高、通用性强、按需供图的特点和优势。湘潭市数字城市工程实践证明:基于基础信息源数据进行地形图智能化缩编的体系、架构、理论和方法是可行的,且具有广泛的社会推广应用价值。     

数字城市中三维模型的质量控制

主要论述了在数字城市建设中三维模型数据的生产流程,质量元素,质量控制的内容、方法及评价体系.在三维建模质量控制方面制定了一套行之有效的质量控制体系,为数字城市建设中大规模三维建模工作的开展提供了一个参考.