The Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord Implementation Act: Transparency of the environmental management of the offshore oil and gas industry

This paper considers the overall outcome of a “public environmental audit” of the government management of the oil and gas offshore industry in eastern Canada. Five requests for data sets were placed using the Access to Information Act; all five requests were denied by the Canada-Newfoundland Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board. This lack of access to environmental monitoring data significantly hinders the ability of independent scientific inquiry and/or public involvement in the environmental assessment process.     

The tower of Babel: Different perceptions and controversies on change and status of North Sea fish stocks in multi-stakeholder settings

Fishermen, scientists, national policy makers, and staff of environmental NGOs (ENGOs) hold different perceptions about temporal patterns in fish stocks. Perception differences are problematic in multi-stakeholder settings, because they elicit controversies and unbalanced disputes. These hinder effective participation, a prerequisite for ‘good governance’ and effective management of sustainable fisheries. This study shows that perceptions of change (‘does the stock increase or decrease?’) and of current status of a fish stock (‘is it doing well or not?’) are influenced by the capturing and processing of information, rather than by interests alone. We focused on the Dutch North Sea fishery on plaice and sole and examined (1) availability and accessibility of information on temporal patterns of these stocks and (2) perception differences between all parties. A first explanation for these differences is the use of different parameters as a measure for stock size. Fishermen focus on catch rates or catch-per-unit-effort (relative stock size), whereas scientists, policy makers, and ENGO-staff mainly use scientific assessments of spawning stock biomass (absolute stock size). Between-group perception differences are further explained by spatial aggregation levels of information, lengths of time series evaluated, and by modes of comparison to qualify the current status of fish stocks. Awareness of information differences and the development of shared information use and processing may release some of the tensions in multi-stakeholder settings debating fisheries management. However, comprehension problems amongst all parties on how spawning stock biomass is reconstructed and how it relates to catch rates in the fishery may pose an enduring barrier.     

地球空间元数据的使用研究

近年来,地球空间数据获取手段的拓宽使其数据量激增。从空间海量数据中快速获取目标数据,必须依赖于元数据。     

Coastal data and information management for integrated coastal management: The role of IODE

Coastal zones are characterized by large concentrations of population, unique and vital ecosystems, and many industrial and other economic activities on land and at sea. The many and diverse activities result in different types of conflicts of use and access to resources in coastal areas. This calls for integrated management of coastal zones. However, successful integrated coastal management must be supported by reliable data and information that will lead to informed decision-making and planning. The International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) network which is a project of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO is playing a key role in capacity building for ocean and coastal data and information management in Africa. Currently, about 25 data and information centers have been established in coastal African countries through these efforts. These data and information centers should support effective management of coastal zones.     

Study of Panjin Wetlands Along Bohai Coast： （I） the Information System of Wetlands Based on 3S Technique

Based on previous studies on Panjin wetlands along the coast of the Bohai Sea, this paper adopts RS, GIS and GPS techniques and establishes the information system for Panjin wetlands. The system involves many functions, such as identification and classification of wetlands, calculation of the area of wetlands and storage of the information of the wetland management. Moreover, our study indicates that remote sensing technique is a useful tool for great macrography, speediness and accuracy to carry out the extraction, analysis, management and handling of information together with geography information system, which has prospective applications in similar kinds of research.     

吉林市现代地籍管理信息系统的开发与应用

数字地籍是地籍发展的重要趋势。地籍管理信息系统是数字地籍建设的核心，文章在分析目前我国地籍信息系统建设现状的基础上，指出以后地籍管理信息系统将是面向网络的、以空间数据库为核心的、集成应用的系统。文章重点介绍基于大型组件式GIS平台SuperMap GIS所开发的吉林市地籍管理信息系统的软件组织、系统结构、系统特色以及系统应用模式，从而提出基于面向网络一体化地籍管理信息系统的建设思路，为我国数字地籍的建设提供参考。     

天文文献情报工程概述

本文主要介绍中国科学院天文系统文献情报自动化建设、文献工程建设、数据工程建设、资源共享与计算机共享网建设。由于其牵涉到1984年以来的一系列工程建设呐容繁多,所以仅从文献情报现代化建设、资源共享建设出发,从整体上对各有关内容作一概述。     

历史GIS的研究现状和发展趋势

历史地理信息系统（历史GIS）属于地理信息系统（GIS）与历史学相结合的交叉研究领域,它有机地集成了GIS的技术方法、地理学家的空间视角和历史学家的时间视角,量化历史时期的地理过程并构建相应的时空模型,为面向未来的科学预测提供研究基础。历史GIS兴起于20世纪90年代中期,给GIS学科、历史地理学和历史学都带来了新的研究机遇与活力,并表现出强劲的发展势头,但也存在一些尚待解决的问题。近年来,历史GIS向社会提供了日益丰富的历史地理信息服务,并逐渐跨越系统的技术层面,向着科学层面纵深发展。本文通过对国内外相关文献的梳理与分析,回顾了历史GIS产生的背景,从数字化、数据模型、数据库建设与系统开发、空间分析和可视化5个方面综述了国内外历史GIS的研究现状。最后,从历史资料的空间化与数字化、历史地理时空大数据、历史地理空间框架构建及历史地理信息服务、历史地理时空过程及模型构建、历史地理信息科学和技术学科体系的形成等角度展望了历史GIS的发展趋势,以期为历史GIS未来的发展提供新的研究思路。     

国家卫星气象中心气象卫星资料存档系统

论述了国家卫星气象中心的气象卫星资料存档系统构成、存储数据的编目组织、应用软件的逻辑关联结构、层次框架结构及组织结构，介绍了应用软件主要功能和流程图，对存档系统建设中的经验进行了总结。     

旅游地安全风险评估模式研究——以国内10条重点探险旅游线路为例

人类社会已经步入“风险社会”时期。为了保障国家、地区及行业的健康发展,国内外许多行业已应用风险管理这一新视角来研究传统的安全及灾害管理问题。旅游地风险是我国旅游业发展的重要障碍性因素,也是近年来国内旅游学研究的重点领域之一。在深入考虑风险评估复杂性和不确定性的基础上,借助于灰色系统理论和风险评估理论,建立了经过层次分析法(AHP)修整后的旅游地安全风险灰色关联评估模式,并以国内10条重点探险旅游线路为例进行了实证研究。结果表明,10条探险旅游线路中雅鲁藏布大峡谷探险的旅游风险最高,泸沽湖女儿国探险线路最小。其他8条旅游线路安全风险的大小,按降位排序为:高黎贡山-怒江探险线路、楼兰古国-罗布泊丝路探险线路、秦岭探险线路、茶马古道探险线路、两江源头科考探险线路、塔克拉玛干沙漠探险线路、三峡徒步线路、大海道穿越线路。