强震触发崩塌滚石运动特征研究

高强度、长持时汶川地震诱发大量边坡滚石,滚石源于岩体结构面切割而成的块体或岩土质边坡中尺寸较大的孤石。以汶川地震未扰动现场滚石痕迹的判识、测量取样及分析,得出强震作用下块体(石)是以一定初始速度抛射而出的; 其坡面运动表现为滑动、滚动、跳跃与3种方式的组合。选取2个典型强震崩塌点为例进行研究,基本结论:(1)与重力作用下崩塌滚石运动特征是有显著区别的,地震触发滚石具有一定的平抛速度,初始速度除与地震烈度有关外,还与地形地貌有关,其中变坡点、凸起点、端部速度较大; (2)滚石三边(长、宽、高)比例越接近,其运距越远; 坡面相对1/2高度以上,运动方式表现为跳跃-滚动、跳跃-滑动为主,其下滚石则以滑动、滚动运动为主; (3)规模(质量)大的滚石多停留于第一着地点附近或边坡坡脚宽缓地带,滚石运动消能方式为摩擦或碰撞解体; 滚石平台阻滞率为54％,树(灌)木拦阻率为12％。通过反演,计算了非弹性碰撞法向恢复系数Rn与切向恢复系数Rt,其中裸露基岩Rn=0.2,Rt=0.6,一般覆盖层Rn=0.3,Rt=0.8。滚石在运动过程中的弹跳理论高度在0.2~1.3m之间,坡面相对高差与最远滚动距离之比约为1/2。     

北京西山圣莲山地质公园的岩溶地貌演化

圣莲山地质公园为房山北部大石河上游一个小型完整的岩溶盆地,地质构造属于百花山向斜的南翼。遣景岩石从下至上依次为,寒武纪张夏组鲕粒灰岩、炒米店组条带状石灰岩和奥陶纪石灰岩。遣貌构追为,印支运动．燕山运动和新构造运动。印支运动的南北向挤压形成响山背斜;燕山运动的北西-南东向挤压形成神牛岭和翠屏峰两个方向的岩溶墙;新构遣运动的8次抬升,形成穿洞（通风洞）、孤峰（莲子峰）、脚洞（圣米石塘）,房山地貌（笔架山）、岩溶夷平面（晾马台）、北西向岩溶墙（翠屏峰）、北东向岩溶墙（神牛岭）,溶洞（隐仙洞）岩溶地貌景观。穿洞为北京西山最高的岩溶洞穴,孤峰为残存的新近纪峰林地貌,圣米石塘为孤峰脚洞,笔架山为上新世石林与第四纪岩溶陡壁组合成的房山地貌,晾马台为中更新世形成的岩溶夷平面,翠屏峰和神牛岭为晚更新世形成的岩溶墙,隐仙洞为全新世形成的岩溶洞穴。     

伸展盆地复杂断块运动学平面复原——以渤海湾盆地廊坊-固安断陷为例

本文选取廊固凹陷为例,利用平面恢复方法,研究伸展盆地断块平面运动特征.根据大兴断层的分段性,将研究区分为3个区块:西南区,中区以及东北区,又根据研究区的断块旋转特征,将中区分为中北区以及中南区.每个区块的断块运动差异性很大.通过对廊固凹陷古近系的断块进行构造平面恢复,发现其平面运动具有以下特征:西南区,断块主要以顺时针...     

Movement similarity assessment using symbolic representation of trajectories

This article describes a novel approach for finding similar trajectories, using trajectory segmentation based on movement parameters (MPs) such as speed, acceleration, or direction. First, a segmentation technique is applied to decompose trajectories into a set of segments with homogeneous characteristics with respect to a particular MP. Each segment is assigned to a movement parameter class (MPC), representing the behavior of the MP. Accordingly, the segmentation procedure transforms a trajectory to a sequence of class labels, that is, a symbolic representation. A modified version of edit distance called normalized weighted edit distance (NWED) is introduced as a similarity measure between different sequences. As an application, we demonstrate how the method can be employed to cluster trajectories. The performance of the approach is assessed in two case studies using real movement datasets from two different application domains, namely, North Atlantic Hurricane trajectories and GPS tracks of couriers in London. Three different experiments have been conducted that respond to different facets of the proposed techniques and that compare our NWED measure to a related method.     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新世水道发育的主控因素

珠江口盆地白云凹陷在中新世21~18.5 Ma、13.8~12.5 Ma和10.5~8.5 Ma三个时期均发育有大型水道。不同时期水道的形态和内部结构均不相同。21~18.5 Ma时期水道内部结构简单,水道延伸距离远,搬运的沉积物在白云凹陷远端沉积下来;13.8~12.5 Ma水道逐渐向北退却迁移,早期水道在凹陷南部地区发育,随后逐渐向北溯源迁移。10.5~8.5 Ma水道逐渐变窄变深,具有典型汇聚水道的特点。上述水道迁移和形态特征的变化是由于各时期水道发育的控制因素不同造成的。21~18.5 Ma时期水道的发育与来自于陆架边缘三角洲的充足物源供给有关;13.8~12.5 Ma时期水道的主控因素是13.8 Ma时期海平面的大幅度下降;10.5~8.5 Ma水道的迁移与东沙运动造成白云凹陷相对隆升以及古地貌密切相关。对不同时期水道控制因素的分析为中新世以来白云凹陷水道的形态及演化过程分析提供了新的地质信息。     

东川运动及其对东川矿区褶皱构造的影响

分析了当前东川运动的各种认识,通过上下地层的特征、构造、变质作用、火山-岩浆活动、形成背景以及汤丹、落雪和拖布卡3个典型剖面的研究,确定该运动是一次大规模的构造运动。东川运动是南北向挤压运动,在东川矿区下（昆阳）亚群形成东西向褶皱构造,被后期小黑箐和晋宁运动叠加改造后,其构造形迹变得模糊和复杂,但经仔细研究分辨出了10个较大的褶皱构造。      

Focused fluid flow in the Baiyun Sag, northern South China Sea: implications for the source of gas in hydrate reservoirs

The origin and migration of natural gas and the accumulation of gas hydrates within the Pearl River Mouth Basin of the northern South China Sea are poorly understood. Based on high-resolution 2D/3D seismic data, three environments of focused fluid flow: gas chimneys, mud diapirs and active faults have been identified. Widespread gas chimneys that act as important conduits for fluid flow are located below bottom simulating reflections and above basal uplifts. The occurrence and evolution of gas chimneys can be divided into a violent eruptive stage and a quiet seepage stage. For most gas chimneys, the strong eruptions are deduced to have happened during the Dongsha Movement in the latest Miocene, which are observed below Pliocene strata and few active faults develop above the top of the Miocene. The formation pressures of the Baiyun Sag currently are considered to be normal, based on these terms: 1) Borehole pressure tests with pressure coefficients of 1.043–1.047; 2) The distribution of gas chimneys is limited to strata older than the Pliocene; 3) Disseminated methane hydrates, rather than fractured hydrates, are found in the hydrate samples; 4) The gas hydrate is mainly charged with biogenic gas rather than thermogenic gas based on the chemical tests from gas hydrates cores. However, periods of quiet focused fluid flow also enable the establishment of good conduits for the migration of abundant biogenic gas and lesser volumes of thermogenic gas. A geological model governing fluid flow has been proposed to interpret the release of overpressure, the migration of fluids and the formation of gas hydrates, in an integrated manner. This model suggests that gas chimneys positioned above basal uplifts were caused by the Dongsha Movement at about 5.5 Ma. Biogenic gas occupies the strata above the base of the middle Miocene and migrates slowly into the gas chimney columns. Some of the biogenic gas and small volumes of thermogenic gas eventually contribute to the formation of the gas hydrates.     

鄂尔多斯和塔里木地块运动与中国大陆强震关系探讨

本文在综合分析地质、 古地磁、 GPS和地震活动资料的基础上, 讨论了鄂尔多斯和塔里木地块的运动与中国大陆强震的关系。 鄂尔多斯和塔里木地块同为中国大陆古老、 完整、 坚固的地块, 内部结构简单。 而两个地块周缘断陷带或挤压造山带较破碎, 其内部结构较复杂。 综合研究表明, 鄂尔多斯地块的整体向东平移并叠加逆时针旋转的运动控制着周缘走滑断裂和地震活动; 塔里木地块向北平移叠加的顺时针旋转及向周缘造山带的俯冲导致周缘断裂和强震的发生。 尽管天山构造带为主要的地震带, 但塔里木地块与天山造山带边界的M_S≥6.0地震主要受塔里木地块运动的影响。 像鄂尔多斯和塔里木这样传统意义上的稳定地块, 实质上是边界强震的主要贡献者。 鄂尔多斯和塔里木完整坚固地块的整体运动, 对其周缘强震的发生起着关键作用。     

试论滑坡基本地质模型

滑坡基本地质模型是工程地质学研究的一个基础理论问题。本文在综合滑坡分类体系基础上 ,从滑坡活动各要素的地位与作用出发 ,遴选最能表征其活动特点的主要因素 ,作为建模的基本要素 ,形成滑坡基本地质模型体系。随着勘探阶段的不同 ,针对不同的应用目的 ,可以建立滑坡具体地质模型体系。     

湘西南兰蓉岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造背景

湘西南兰蓉岩体为一加里东期小侵入体,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成.（443.5±8.1）Ma的锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄表明花岗岩形成于早志留世早期.主量元素组成表明岩体总体属钙碱性高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类.该侵入体Ba、（Ta＋Nb）、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Rb、（Th＋U＋K）、（La＋Ce）、Nd、（Zr＋Hf＋Sm）、（Y＋Yb＋Lu）等相对富集;稀土元素含量较高、轻稀土富集明显、Eu显著亏损;Isr值为0.71299,εSr（t）值为120,εNd （t）值为 8.11和-8.89,t2DM为1.82和1.84Ga.C/MF-A/MF图解显示其源岩为泥质岩和砂屑岩.上述地球化学特征表明兰蓉岩体为陆壳碎屑岩石部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩.基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断兰蓉岩体的具体形成机制为：奥陶纪末志留纪初的北流运动（板内造山运动）导致地壳增厚、升温,尔后在挤压减弱、应力松弛的后碰撞减压构造环境下,中、上地壳酸性岩石发生部分熔融并向上侵位而形成兰蓉岩体.