流体包裹体成分测定的低温相变和显微拉曼光谱分析技术研究进展

论述了包裹体低温分析技术的原理以及进展。传统的流体包裹体低温分析技术是以显微冷冻测温测定无机盐体系为主,目前已发展到应用低温原位拉曼光谱技术对包裹体中的阳离子和阴离子进行定量-半定量分析。油气包裹体原位低温分析技术也取得了较大的突破,对不同成分油气包裹体低温下的相变过程取得了一定的认识,据此对油气包裹体进行分类,推测其主要成分,为油气包裹体计算提供基础参数。     

Enhanced concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean

During an almost three months long expedition in the Arctic Ocean, the Beringia 2005, dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured continuously in the surface water. The DGM concentration was measured using an equilibrium system, i.e. the DGM in the water phase equilibrated with a stream of gas and the gas was thereafter analysed with respect to its mercury content. The DGM concentrations were calculated using the following equation, DGM = Hg_eq / k_H' where Hg_eq is the equilibrated concentration of elemental mercury in the gas phase and k_H' is the dimensionless Henry's law constant at desired temperature and salinity. During the expedition several features were observed. For example, enhanced DGM concentration was measured underneath the ice which may indicate that the sea ice acted as a barrier for evasion of mercury from the Arctic Ocean to the atmosphere. Furthermore, elevated DGM concentrations were observed in water that might have originated from river discharge. The gas-exchange of mercury between the ocean and the atmosphere was calculated in the open water and both deposition and evasion were observed. The measurements showed significantly enhanced DGM concentrations, compared to more southern latitudes.     

基于近底原位观测的小尺度海底沙波地形小波分解

浅海海床发育着不同尺度的活动性砂体,在大型活动性砂体上常叠加发育着大量小尺度沙波(纹),分析这些小尺度沙波(纹)有助于揭示活动性砂体的成因机制。但它们的尺度较小,常规分析方法往往将其作为高频噪声滤除,难以对该尺度海底沙波(纹)进行分离量化研究。为了解决这个问题,本文设计并实现了一种基于小波分析的小尺度海底沙波地形分解方法,并以台湾浅滩典型区域的高精度近底原位观测数据为例,实现了小尺度海底沙波地形的分解和定量分析,分解出背景地形、小型沙波和沙波纹(波长小于0.6 m)3种地貌类型。本文提出的小尺度海底沙波地形分解量化方法,可广泛应用于浅海高活动性地貌发育演化和海底边界层沉积动力过程研究,对评估海洋工程的稳定性也具有一定的实用价值。     

Evaluation of one-dimensional in situ leaching processes

A methodology to characterizing processes of in situ leaching is developed to investigate various parameters that may affect the recovery of a valuable mineral and assure a successful application of the in situ leaching technology. The governing equations of in situ leaching processes for the one-dimensional case are solved both analytically and numerically for both the consumption rate of a lixiviant and the production rate of a target mineral. A numerical simulator, which is developed to evaluate coupled effects among leaching kinetics, solution flow and transport of the dissolved mineral species in saturated ore deposits, is validated against the steady-state solutions and applied to investigate the transient effects of various parameters on the mineral recovery. Results from the evaluation indicate that there exists an optimal flow velocity range of leach solution for the effective leaching of a particular ore deposit. The determination of this optimal leaching velocity may become a key to the design of a real in situ leach mine. Results of the parameter sensitivity study illustrate the relative importance of other parameters such as porosity, ore grade, and reaction rate. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

运用STOMP数值模拟器进行多空介质中尿素水解以及方解石沉淀数值模拟

遍布于美国能源部所辖野外场地的地下放射性核素和痕量金属污染对美国能源部的长期监管职能提出了最严峻的挑战。目前较有前景的一个原地固化污染物方法是利用尿素酶催化尿素水解,进而推动方解石沉淀及与之共同沉淀。运用STOMP数值模拟器实施一系列反应性溶质数值模拟来研究系统中水流、运移、反应与反应导致的介质性质变化之间的紧密的非线性耦合,并在研究中系统性增加反应系统的复杂度和物理-化学的非均质性以考察模拟效果。通过调整反应速率表达式中尿素酶浓度和沉淀反应常数,对尿素水解和方解石沉淀速率进行了敏感度分析。结果显示:尿素水解速率是矿物沉淀总量的决定性因素,沉淀物的空间分布既取决于水解速率也取决于沉淀速率;在一维水流柱6个空隙体积的时间段模拟中,观察到了5%的最大空隙度减少;当二维模拟中考虑一个低渗透性包裹体时,被改变的流场重新对生成的沉淀组成物进行了分布,形成了扭曲的反应锋面。模拟结果也显示沉淀在低渗透性区域边界上形成,这说明位于这个区域里面的污染物可能被囊裹而从流线中被隔离起来。     

中国地质学会公布第三届科普奖评选结果

为推动中国地质学会地学科普研学工作的开展,根据 《中国地质学会精品地学研学路线、课程评选办法(试行)》, 学会组织开展了第二批精品地学研学路线、第一批精品地学 研学课程的申报、推荐和评审工作。     

阴极发光和红外光谱技术在金刚石研究中的应用

总结了阴极发光（ＣＬ）及傅立叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）技术在金刚石研究中的应用。ＣＬ图像可以揭示金刚石的内部结构、生长机制、生长阶段及过程,提供塑性变形及是否含有ＣＯ２的信息,验证和解释微区ＦＴＩＲ分析、稳定同位素及地质年代研究的结果,为天然金刚石和合成金刚石的区分提供关键证据。合成金刚石的实验研究表明,氮的不同聚集态丰度值是聚集温度ＴＮＡ、金刚石存留时间ｔＭＲ及氮丰度值的函数,利用地质信息和ＦＴ     

北京周口店雾迷山组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积序列研究*

北京周口店地区中元古界雾迷山组以含硅质条带的白云岩为主,发育不规则硅质砾屑。这些硅质砾屑形态各异,具有强烈扰动的迹象,目前对其成因解释一直存在争议,如泄水构造、冲刷构造、震积岩、风暴岩等。文中选择北京周口店地区黄山店村恒顺厂剖面为研究对象,通过野外精细的沉积学分析,系统描述了岩性及沉积构造特征,确定了该套沉积地层发育典型的碳酸盐岩风暴沉积序列。该风暴沉积序列自下往上可分为5段: A段,为风暴前正常沉积的中厚层状泥晶白云岩;B段,具口袋构造的侵蚀冲刷面及硅质砾屑,为风暴高潮期产物;C段,灰色硅质条带白云岩,普遍发育平行层理和波状、丘状、洼状交错层理,是风暴衰减期产物;D段,灰白色薄层状泥晶白云岩,代表了风暴间歇期的正常沉积;E段,含硅质团块白云岩,为正常天气下海水局部扰动形成。该剖面上递变层理几乎不发育,结合侵蚀冲刷面特征、砾屑高含量以及杂乱堆积方式,认为该套沉积为典型的近原地风暴沉积。结合古地理资料,推测研究区在雾迷山组沉积时期可能处于热带海洋环境,热带气旋引发的频繁风暴潮导致了近原地碳酸盐岩风暴沉积的形成。上述研究成果不仅补充了燕山地区雾迷山组的风暴沉积记录,而且为该时期华北板块的古地理、古纬度和古气候研究提供了重要的沉积学证据。     

Hillslopes in humid-tropical climates aren't always wet: Implications for hydrologic response and landslide initiation in Puerto Rico

The devastating impacts of the widespread flooding and landsliding in Puerto Rico following the September 2017 landfall of Hurricane Maria highlight the increasingly extreme atmospheric disturbances and enhanced hazard potential in mountainous humid-tropical climate zones. Long-standing conceptual models for hydrologically driven hazards in Puerto Rico posit that hillslope soils remain wet throughout the year, and therefore, that antecedent soil wetness imposes a negligible effect on hazard potential. Our post-Maria in situ hillslope hydrologic observations, however, indicate that while some slopes remain wet throughout the year, others exhibit appreciable seasonal and intra-storm subsurface drainage. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of hydro-meteorological (soil wetness and rainfall) versus intensity-duration (rainfall only) hillslope hydrologic response thresholds that identify the onset of positive pore-water pressure, a predisposing factor for widespread slope instability in this region. Our analyses also consider the role of soil-water storage and infiltration rates on runoff generation, which are relevant factors for flooding hazards. We found that the hydro-meteorological thresholds outperformed intensity-duration thresholds for a seasonally wet, coarse-grained soil, although they did not outperform intensity-duration thresholds for a perennially wet, fine-grained soil. These end-member soils types may also produce radically different stormflow responses, with subsurface flow being more common for the coarse-grained soils underlain by intrusive rocks versus infiltration excess and/or saturation excess for the fine-grained soils underlain by volcaniclastic rocks. We conclude that variability in soil-hydraulic properties, as opposed to climate zone, is the dominant factor that controls runoff generation mechanisms and modulates the relative importance of antecedent soil wetness for our hillslope hydrologic response thresholds.