中国东部陆下岩石圈地幔中的再循环地壳流体组分

地幔捕虏体中的流体组分记录了地幔演化的信息,可用来认识地幔中再循环地壳组分的性质和来源。采用分步加热质谱法测定中国东部二辉橄榄岩捕虏体组成矿物中流体挥发份的碳、氢和氧同位素组成,结合化学组成(Zhang et al., 2004)综合分析表明,早期流体包裹体、矿物晶格缺陷和空隙中的流体挥发分主要在高温段(800-1200°C)释出,CO2和CO显示较轻的δ13C值,与世界其它地区地幔捕虏体明显不同;晚期流体包裹体中的流体挥发分主要在低温段(300-600°C)释出。根据中国东部地幔演化事件、地幔矿物性质认为陆下岩石圈地幔中三种类型的流体挥发份中均存在来源不同的再循环地壳组分：（1）地幔初始流体：主要为耐熔矿物橄榄石在800-1200°C释出的流体组分,华北克拉通地幔初始流体的化学组成（主要为CO）与华南克拉通（主要为CO2）明显不同,反映二者拼合前各自演化时期捕获的流体组分。地幔特征的δD、δ13CCH4和δ18OCO2反映初始流体组分可能为元古代克拉通大陆型岩石圈地幔成分,较轻的CO2 和 CO的δ13C值揭示初始流体中存在部分再循环地壳流体,可能在1.9Ga的大陆碰撞过程中混入。（2）地幔交代流体：指斜方辉石和单斜辉石800-1200°C释气峰的流体组分,以H2为主。华北克拉通交代流体主要组分H2含量(80.73 mm3.STP/g) 明显低于华南克拉通(138.91 mm3.STP/g),地幔特征的δDH2和δ13CCH4表明交代流体主体为地幔来源,较轻的δ13CCO2,CO和较重δ18OCO2揭示其中存在再循环陆壳流体,其可能的来源为华北与华南中生代拼合过程中的壳幔相互作用。（3）岩石圈减薄流体：指二辉橄榄岩捕虏体组成矿物在400-600°C释放出的流体,华北与华南克拉通在流体组成方面相似,壳源特征的CO2、CO和CH4的δ13C值,以及较轻的δ18OCO2和δDH2O值指示该流体可能为岩石圈地幔减薄过程中引起的再循环洋壳流体,可能与中国东部转换带中水平俯冲的太平洋岩石圈(或其前身)脱气有关。     

Flat mantle reflectors in Eastern China: possible evidence of lithospheric thinning

Recent 24 s deep seismic reflection records revealed five flat reflectors in the lithospheric mantle in Eastern China. With increasing depth, they are named M1 to M5 and can be seen on both field single-shot and stacked records. Reflector M1 corresponds to the Moho discontinuity, whereas M5 may be the reflection from the bottom of the current lithosphere, which is about 78 km deep according to geothermal measurements. The other three reflectors seem peculiar and might result from interactions between the lithosphere and deeper mantle. Based on lithological and geochemical data, it is suggested that the lithosphere has been thinned from about 150 km to about 60 km in the Late Mesozoic, and then has been thickened to about 78 km during the Cenozoic. The thinning process produced a granulite layer in the old lower crust caused by magmatic underplating, whereas an eclogite layer formed beneath owing to the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys and Yangtze Craton during the Permian and Early Mesozoic. Reflector M2 at about 12 s two-way traveltime (TWT) might result from the Paleozoic Moho, which represents the boundary between the previous granulite and eclogite facies. Reflector M3 at about 14 s might correspond to the bottom of the eclogite layer, beneath which the old lithospheric mantle remained. The old and the newly developed mantle may have different compositions, resulting in reflector M4. The multi-layered mantle reflectors demonstrate a mantle structure that possibly correlates with the lithospheric thinning process that occurred in Eastern China during the Late Mesozoic. The discovery of multi-layered mantle reflectors in the studied areas indicates a high heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Reflection seismology with improved technology, together with velocity and resistivity imaging and rock-physics measurements, can provide more details of the heterogeneity and related dynamic processes that occurred in the lithospheric mantle.     

体波走时层析成像方法及其在中国壳幔结构研究中的应用评述

文中对地震体波走时层析成像技术近30年的发展进行回顾和评述,并对该方法所存在的问题进行了分析和探讨以及给出应对策略。在壳幔速度结构的横向不均匀性、强震发生的深部构造环境、活火山区的深部结构和起源,以及造山带、板块碰撞带区域深部结构等4个方面对应用地震层析成像技术所取得的主要成果做了分类总结和探讨。研究证明,利用地震层析成像技术所获得的高分辨率地球内部结构为探索岩石圈的演化和板块运动规律及地震、火山活动发生的深部构造环境等提供了十分重要的科学依据。     

大别造山带毛屋岩体的解体及古地幔性质的厘定

根据详细的地球化学 (特别是稀土元素地球化学 )的研究资料 ,提出大别造山带毛屋岩体应该解体。毛屋岩体不是由多幕式镁铁 超镁铁质层状堆晶作用形成的一套岩石系列 ,而是由橄榄岩类、含石榴石方辉岩类、榴辉岩类和绿辉石岩类组成的一个混杂岩体。其中含石榴石方辉岩类与绿辉石岩类之间存在成因上的联系 ,含石榴石方辉岩类的原岩是本区原始地幔经约36 %的部分熔融后剩下的残余 ,而绿辉石岩的原岩是由该熔融体结晶的产物。根据含石榴石方辉岩与绿辉石岩之间的成分制约关系 ,对该区古地幔的稀土元素组成和地幔性质进行了反演 ,结果表明 ,该区原始地幔稀土元素成分与球粒陨石中的相似 ,为轻稀土略亏损的平坦型组成模式 ;该区原始地幔矿物成分为橄榄石 (72 8% )、单斜辉石 (12 4% )和石榴石 (14 8% ) ,属含单辉石榴橄榄岩的地幔。     

由深源远震体波记录反演华北北部地壳上地幔速度结构

重点研究的地区为河北省北部包括京津地区，以及山西、内蒙的部分地区，在此区选取了２９个台站；在向东延伸的背景区，选取了６个台站。利用这些台站的深源远震体波记录资料，通过选取介质结构模型，计算理论地震图，与观测图进行拟合，以确定地震台下介质结构的可接受模型。在拟合时，对每个地震台站都选择若干次深源远震的体波记录作为观测图。对每个地震台站一般都算出６０个不同模型的理论图。实际上做出的结果比地壳深，为大约８０ｋｍ（即大致相当于岩石层或称岩石圈）厚度内的地壳上地幔介质结构，它们大都由１０层左右的介质组成。通过波形拟合共给出了上述３５个台站下的壳幔介质分层结构。并由此给出了Ｍｏｈｏ面的轮廓。     

小秦岭-熊耳山地区金矿成矿的临界-超临界流体

临界-超临界流体对金属矿床，特别是对金矿成矿具有重要作用，对流体包裹体的特征研究表明，小秦岭-熊耳山地区石英脉型，构造蚀变岩型及爆破角砾岩型3种主要类型金矿床的成矿流体属临界-超临界流体，随着成矿作用由深到浅，由高温，高压到低温，低压的演化，临界-超临界流体也逐步演化成中低温非超临界流体，从而使现有的测试结果表明，目前只有少部分为超临界包裹体，大部分为非超临界包裹体。     

华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔性质、组成、富集过程及其形成机理

本文通过对我国华北东南部中生代幔源岩浆活动的时空分布规律及其地球化学特征的系统总结来进一步厘定该地区中生代岩石圈地幔的性质和组成,并通过与华北内部如鲁中地区中生代岩石圈地幔的对比研究探讨华北东部岩石圈的时空演化规律、富集过程及其形成机理。幔源岩石的 Sr-Nd-Ph 同位素特征表明华北东部中生代岩石圈地幔存在明显的时空不均匀性,其中心部位如鲁中地区以弱富集地幔为主体;而东南部如鲁西南和胶东地区则为类似 EM2型地幔(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr_i 可高达0.7114)。华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔随时间的演化特征也很明显。这些幔源岩石的地球化学特征和玄武岩中地幔岩捕虏体(橄榄岩和辉石岩)和捕虏晶(橄榄石和辉石)的组成和结构特征皆证明华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔曾受到过富硅熔体的强烈改造。橄榄岩-熔体的相互反应是该区岩石圈改造和组成转变的重要方式,从而造成古生代高镁橄榄岩转变为晚中生代低镁橄榄岩和辉石岩。进入岩石圈地幔的熔体具下/中地壳物质重熔的特征,从而导致该区晚中生代岩石圈地幔的快速富集。有关华北东部中生代岩石圈减薄和改造的时限、过程和机制等问题也进行较详细的讨论。     

Lithosphere formation in the central Slave Craton (Canada): plume subcretion or lithosphere accretion?

Major-element compositions of minerals in peridotite xenoliths from the Lac de Gras kimberlites provide constraints on the mode of lithosphere formation beneath the central Slave Craton, Canada. Magnesia contents of reconstructed whole rocks correlate positively with NiO and negatively with CaO contents, consistent with variable partial melt extraction. Alumina and Cr₂O₃ contents are broadly positively correlated, suggestive of melt depletion in the absence of a Cr–Al phase. Garnet modes are high at a given Al₂O₃ content (a proxy for melt depletion), falling about a 7 GPa melt depletion model. These observations, combined with high olivine Mg# and major-element relationships of FeO-poor peridotites (<7.5 wt%) indicative of melt loss at pressures >3 GPa (residual FeO content being a sensitive indicator of melt extraction pressure), and similar high pressures of last equilibration (∼4.2 to 5.8 GPa), provide multiple lines of evidence that the mantle beneath the central Slave Craton has originated as a residue from high-pressure melting, possibly during plume subcretion. Apparent low melt depletion pressures for high-FeO peridotites (>7.5 wt%) could suggest formation in an oceanic setting, followed by subduction to their depth of entrainment. However, these rocks, which are characterised by low SiO₂ contents (<43 wt%), are more likely to be the result of post-melting FeO-addition, leading to spuriously low estimates of melt extraction pressures. They may have reacted with a silica-undersaturated melt that dissolved orthopyroxene, or experienced olivine injection by crystallising melts. A secular FeO-enrichment of parts of the deep mantle lithosphere is supported by lower average Mg# in xenolithic olivine (91.7) compared to olivine inclusions in diamond (92.6).     

吉林龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发物中幔源包体的基本特征及其地质意义

龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发发生在距今1500年前,其火山喷发物中所含的幔源橄榄岩包体是我国在最新火山喷发物中所发现的幔源包体。这些包体以普遍含有韭闪石为特征。包体的结构和位错构造反映这些包体在上地幔条件下经历过一定程度的变形作用。包体的平衡温度大多数集中在800～950℃之间,只有个别样品温度达到1050℃;平衡压力大多数集中在1.0～1.5 GPa之间。由包体平衡温度、压力得到的上地幔地温线稍低于中国东部由新第三纪包体得到的上地幔地温线,但接近第四纪包体得到的地温线。包体在上地幔条件下变形时的差异应力在30～44MPa,应变速率为10-18s-110-15s-1。角闪石的出现反映上地幔流体的渗透及交代作用。金龙顶子火山发的玄武岩浆直接来自35～50km的上地幔顶部。