Image analysis and circular statistics for shape-fabric analysis: applications to lithified ignimbrites

 Computer-assisted image analysis can be successfully used to derive quantitative textural data on pyroclastic rock samples. This method provides a large number of different measurements such as grain size, particle shape and 2D orientation of particle main axes (directional- or shape-fabric) automatically and in a relatively short time. Orientation data reduction requires specific statistical tests, mainly devoted to defining the kind of particle distribution pattern, the possible occurrence of preferred particle orientation, the confidence interval of the mean direction and the degree of randomness with respect to pre-assigned theoretical frequency distributions. Data obtained from image analysis of seven lithified ignimbrite samples from the Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy) are used to test different statistics and to provide insight about directional fabrics. First, the possible occurrence of a significant deviation from a theoretical circular uniform distribution was evaluated by using the Rayleigh and Tukey χ ² tests. Then, the Kuiper test was performed to evaluate whether or not the observation fits with a unimodal, Von Mises-like theoretical frequency distribution. Finally, the confidence interval of mean direction was calculated. With the exception of one sample (FPD10), which showed a well-developed bimodality, all the analysed samples display significant anisotropic and unimodal distributions. The minimum number of measurements necessary to obtain reasonable variabilities of the calculated statistics and mean directions was evaluated by repeating random collections of the measured particles at increments of 100 particles for each sample. Although the observed variabilities depend largely on the pattern of distribution and an absolute minimum number cannot be stated, approximately 1500–2000 measurements are required in order to get meaningful mean directions for the analysed samples. Received: 9 April 1996 / Accepted: 26 December 1996     

奎赛公路段岩土体工程地质类型及不良地质现象解译标志

通过彩色红外航空像片解译与野外实地调查,总结了奎赛公路段的各种岩土体工程地质类型及不良地质现象的解译标志。为我国西部气候干旱和环境恶劣地区的岩土体解译及不良地质现象信息提取提供了参考资料.     

中等植被覆盖区金矿蚀变TM及JERS－1OPS遥感信息增强技术

本文分析了与金矿化相伴的蚀变矿物(铁氧化物、粘土矿物、碳酸盐矿物)的反射光谱吸收特征及金矿区上覆植被反射光谱对金矿化蚀变信息的干扰,同时介绍了利用植被指数法、比值-主成份变换法和植被掩模法对陆地卫星TM、JERS-1OPS等遥感图像进行处理,压抑植被反射光谱干扰信息和增强金矿化蚀变反射光谱信息的方法和效果。     

Landslide susceptibility mapping of the slopes in the residual soils of the Mengen region (Turkey) by deterministic stability analyses and image processing techniques

The aim of the present study is to prepare a landslide susceptibility map of a region of about 120 km², between Gökcesu and Pazarköy (around Mengen, NW Turkey) at approximately 10 km north of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, where frequent landslides occur. For this purpose, mechanisms of the landslides were studied by two-dimensional stability analyses together with field observations, and the parameters controlling the development of such slides were identified. Field observations indicated that the failures generally developed within the unconsolidated and/or semiconsolidated soil units in forms of rotational, successive shallow landslides within the weathered zone in Mengen, Cukurca and Sazlar formations. Although consisting of residual soils, Capak and Gökdag formations do not exhibit landslides as the natural slopes formed on these, do not exceed the critical slope angles. Statistical evaluations and distribution of the landslides on the topographical map showed that such parameters as cohesion, angle of internal friction, slope, relative height, orientation of slopes, proximity to drainage pattern, vegetation cover and proximity to major faults were the common features on the landslides. Digital images were obtained to represent all these parameters on gray scale on the SPOT image and on the digital elevation model (DEM) of the area using image processing techniques. Soil mechanics tests were carried out on 36 representative samples collected from different units, and parameters were determined for two-dimensional stability analyses basing on “sensitivity approach” and for the preparation of digital shear strength map. In order to determine the critical slope angle values for the residual soils, a series of sensitivity analyses were realized by using two-dimensional deterministic slope stability analyses techniques for varying values of cohesion, angle of internal friction and slope height along with varying saturation conditions. According to the results of the sensitivity analyses, the Mengen formation was found to be most susceptible unit to landslides, covering about 33.5% of the region studied in terms of surface area. The distribution of the critical slopes were determined by superimposing the critical slope values from sensitivity analyses on slope map of the study area. On the other hand, iso-cohesion and iso-friction maps were produced by locating the values of cohesion and internal friction angles in a geographic coordinate system such that they coincide with sample locations on the DEM and by further interpolation of the values concerned. The pixel values were evaluated in gray scale from 0 to 255, 0 representing the lowest pixel value and 255 representing the highest. Sensitivity analyses on cohesion and angle of internal friction to investigate the effects of these parameters only on stability, revealed that cohesion was effective at a rate of 70% by itself, while angle of internal friction alone controlled the stability by a rate of 30%. The iso-cohesion and iso-friction maps previously obtained were digitally combined in these rates and a “shear strength map” was prepared. The geographic setting of the study area is such that northern slopes usually receive dense precipitation. In relation to this fact, about 42% of the landslides are due north. Thus, a slope orientation map was prepared using the DEM, and slopes facing north were evaluated as being more susceptible to sliding. Proximity to the drainage pattern was another important factor in the evaluation, as streams could adversely affect the stability by either eroding the toe or saturating the slope, or both. When considered together, in conjunction with the field observations, faults and landslides showed a close association. In the area, about 88% of the landslides were detected within an area closer than 250 m to major faults, therefore, a main discontinuity map was produced using the SPOT image of the region, and “proximity to major faults” was evaluated as a parameter as most of the landslides developed in areas where the vegetation was rather sparse. A vegetation cover map was therefore obtained from the SPOT image, and the areas with denser vegetation were considered to be less susceptible to sliding with respect to the areas with less or no vegetation. Having prepared the maps accounting for the distribution of critical slopes, shear strength properties, relative height, slope angle, orientation of the slopes, vegetation cover, proximity to the drainage pattern, geographic corrections were carried on each of these, and a potential failure map was obtained for the residual soils by superimposing all these maps. Next, a classification was performed on the final map and five relative zones of susceptibility were defined. When compared with this map, all of the landslides identified in the field were found to be located in the most susceptible zone. The performance of the method used in processing the images appears to be quite high, the zones determined on the map being the zones of relative susceptibility.     

多因素严重干扰区成矿围岩蚀变信息的计算机图像处理──以加拿大西北某地找金实践为例

本文从分析ＴＭ各波段图像信息特征入手，在冰雪和植被等环境因素干扰严重的地区，试验应用了图像掩膜、波段比值、主成分分析等技术，成功地从ＴＭ图像中提取了与金成矿有关的蚀变围岩信息。在此基础上，进一步研究了蚀变与断裂构造和围岩类型的关系，确定了金矿找矿远景区。     

GIS辅助下的基于知识的遥感影像分类方法研究——以土地覆盖/土地利用类型为例

提高计算机遥感影像的分类精度，是遥感应用中研究的主要问题之一。作者以规则的形式表示遥感影像解译知识，使用ＴＭ影像数据和ＤＥＭ、坡度、土地利用图等地理辅助数据，从遥感影像处理／地理数据／专家知识一体化的角度出发，使用基于知识的方法进行了研究，改善了分类精度。实例研究证明了方法的正确性。     

赤潮藻的显微图形测量方法研究

介绍了一种在实验室环境下通过显微镜及CCD成像的办法观察采集微小藻类图像，并通过计算机软件进行图像识别统计，最终得到所测藻类统计信息的方法。     

CCD光谱的IRAF和FITS格式转换

美国国立光学天文台的IRAF软件系统,已成为国内光谱处理的主要计算机软件之一。由射电天文需要发展起来的FITS格式,已作为国际上交换磁带数据资料的通用格式。本文简单地介绍了FITS格式,讨论了如何将厚片CCD光谱观测资料转换为IRAF图像,继而转换为标准FITS格式。这对于使用IRAF系统进行光谱处理,以及国内国际间的资料交换是有用的。     

Non-linear filtering of compression blocking effects in reconstructed images

The increasing use of data compression by space mission experiments poses the question of quality of the images obtained after the compression-decompression process. Indeed, working on an Image Compression Module (ICM), Using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), with 8*8 pixel-sized sub-images (each pixel being coded on eight bits), one can find blocking effects on their boundaries. Avril and Nguyen (1992, thereafter ANG 1992), have shown that One Neighbour Accounting Filters, used after image reconstruction without modifying the coding method , provide the best and fastest correction as far as linear filtering is concerned. We present here a non-linear method, also used after image reconstruction, but working on spatial frequencies. It allows us to segregate, in the Fourier space, the signal from the defect, and then to remove it through applying a filter adapted to the frequency spectrum of each spoiled image. Employing the reverse Fourier transform, we then retrieve the corrected image. The efficiency of this new method was tested by three different means:- when Fourier filtering is applied to a reference set of aerial photographs of the Earth, blocking effects are quite indistinguishable by human vision, even when zooming on the images, which was not the case with ONAF;- the improvement of the Root Mean Square (RMS) Error, calculated between the filtered and original images, is at least three times greater than the one obtained with ONAF;- the reconstruction of a three-dimensional view of a landscape, thanks to two stereoscopic images having undergone a compression-decompression process with an algorithm using DCT and a compression rate of about 10, is possible only after Fourier filtering has been applied.The quite good preliminary results of the application of Fourier filtering to the Clementine images of the Moon are also represented.     

Influence of volume/mass on grain-size curves and conversion of image-analysis size to sieve size

Image analysis of aggregates does not measure the same size as sieve analysis. The size of aggregates, determined by sieve analysis, is presented with respect to the percent cumulative mass, whereas image analysis does not measure mass. Results are often presented in percent particles or percent area. Several researchers have claimed that more accurate volume and mass determinations are necessary for accurate construction of grain-size curves. In the present work, several methods for reconstructing volume and thus mass of aggregates from image analysis (IA) have been tested to see how they influence the grain-size distribution curves. The actual mass of the individual particles was found to have little or no influence on the grain-size distribution curve, which is normalized and thus insensitive to mass. Accurate conversion of image-analysis size to sieve size is dependent upon how particles pass through sieves. Most existing methods base their conversion of image-analysis size to sieve size on the intermediate axis, multiplied by some factor. The present work shows that there is no direct correlation between the intermediate axes and sieve size. A universal conversion of image-analysis size to sieve size has been developed, using the minimum-bounding square around the minimum projected area. This measure yields very good correlation with sieve-analysis results.