On the timing and causes of illite formation and remagnetization in the Cretaceous Marias River Shale, Disturbed Belt, Montana

In this study, we test a burial model for diagenetic illite and whether illitization is related to the acquisition of a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). A prefolding, reversed polarity, secondary magnetization is found in carbonate concretions in diagenetically altered Upper Cretaceous rocks in the disturbed belt of Montana. Stratigraphically equivalent unaltered rocks to the east do not contain the magnetization. The magnetization could be a CRM or a thermoviscous remagnetization. The pole position is generally consistent with the Early Tertiary K–Ar ages of diagenetic illite–smectite formed under thrust loading, but it is not constrained well enough for a precise age comparison. If this magnetization is a CRM, it could be related to illitization. Alternatively, if the prefolding CRM had been acquired prior to thrust loading then the magnetization is not related to illitization. Geochemical studies are currently underway to test if the magnetization could be related to fluid alteration.     

湘北杨家坪中新元古宇和下古生界的近变质作用与成岩作用

运用伊利石结晶度、K云母晶格常数b0、应变值τ、颗粒大小分布与矿物组合分析等低温变质指示数据对湘北杨家坪剖面中晚元古宇和下古生界的近变质作用和成岩作用进行了研究。Kisch国际标样用于校正伊利石结晶度的测定。中晚元古宇伊利石结晶度Kübler指数范围为:0.21~0.24°Δ2θ,而下古生界为0.28~0.67°Δ2θ。表明近变质作用影响了中晚元古宇和部分下古生界。按照Kisch国际标样的成岩/变质界限(0.21~0.38°Δ2θ,CuKα),将剖面划分为北部近变质带和中南部成岩带。由绿泥石化学成分地质温度计估计近变质峰期温度约为260℃。K云母晶格常数b0值变化范围0.9000~0.9045nm,平均为0.9017nm,表明近变质作用处于中压-中低压力范围。近变质带伊利石(主要是中晚元古宇)的多型为2M1型,而成岩带伊利石(主要是下古生界)的多型为2M1+1M混合类型。平均对数粒度与对数方差之积(GLR)称为对数总成熟效应具有不同的两组分布特征即近变质作用区(GLR1.88)与成岩作用区(GLR1.88),这是一个新的发现。后变质作用的构造应力不仅可产生断层,而且可引起矿物的应变,从而导致衍射峰的宽化,使得近变质带伊利石结晶度值次生变大到成岩值范畴。与剖面南部地区(长沙-澧陵-浏阳,黄土店-仙溪,沅古坪)比较,杨家坪剖面中晚元古宇和下古生界经历了中压-中低压近变质作用和成岩作用的影响。这一结果与多数前人认为的"元古宇板溪群处于绿片岩相或亚绿片岩相或低绿片岩相而震旦到下古生界为沉积盖层"的观点不同。     

Clay coating preserving high porosities in deeply buried intervals of the Stø Formation

The Stø Formation is the most important reservoir interval in the Norwegian Barents Sea, however the reservoir quality can be highly affected by the detrimental effects of quartz cement where there have been extensive post depositional burial. Core plug data from well 7219/8-2 in the Southwestern Barents Sea shows abnormally high porosity and permeability values in certain units of the deeply buried and otherwise highly quartz cemented Stø Formation. The amount of quartz cement in the samples is inversely proportional to the porosity. Samples with high and low porosities are similar texturally and mineralogically, but the high porosity samples have a layer of illitic clay coating the majority of the detrital quartz grains. Illitic clay coating present at grain contacts can result in a lowered IGV given they aid in the dissolution of quartz at interfaces, also creating a source of dissolved silica. Clay induced dissolution means that silica saturation is not a limiting factor in quartz cementation in these samples. The results show that the illitic clay coating is capable of limiting the amount of authigenic quartz overgrowth from 20 to 23% in samples with negligible grain coating to 5–11% in the intervals with high coating coverage. The illitic clay coating inhibits quartz overgrowth by limiting the surface area available for nucleation on detrital grains. The Stø Formation comprises mainly shallow marine deposits of highly reworked clean sandstone. Abnormally high porosities appear to be linked to settings where sediments of a more proximal location are preserved without extensive reworking. The grain coating clay is illitic and most likely originates from clay infiltration processes prior to final deposition. The difference in extent of clay coating in similar facies can mostly be correlated with varying amount of post depositional reworking. This study suggests that there is a potential for considerable porosity and permeability to be preserved in deeply buried sandstones in the Barents Sea. This study could be important in the future exploration activity of deeply buried structures in the area.     

川西坳陷鸭子河地区基于多种古温标的钻井热史恢复

利用镜质体反射率(Ro)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)和伊利石结晶度(IC指数)等古温标恢复了四川盆地川西坳陷的钻井热史,对比了不同温标最高古地温的恢复结果.研究表明,研究区晚白垩世至今总体表现为冷却及抬升剥蚀的过程,地温梯度由约26℃·km-1降低至约22℃·km-1,剥蚀量约1.3~1.9km.约80 Ma以来开始抬升剥蚀,40—2.5 Ma经历了一个热平静期,第四纪存在一定的增温,地温梯度增高约5℃·km-1.三种古地温恢复结果具有较高的一致性,相对于镜质体反射率(Ro)和磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)等成熟古温标,伊利石结晶度作为有机质成熟度指标和沉积岩古温标的应用处于定性分析阶段,该指标的热演化模型仍需进一步探索.     

A review of sandstone illite cements and aspects of their significance to hydrocarbon exploration and development

Current understanding of the origin of illite cements within the pore systems of sandstone reservoirs is at best speculative whilst knowledge of the control of illite morpholoy is, to all practical purposes, non-existent. This is unfortunate considering the widespread occurrence of illite and the often disastrous decrease in reservoir performance associated with its presence (up to 200-fold decreases in permeability have been recorded from aeolian sandstones of the U.K. southern North Sea for example). An advanced knowledge of the origin of this clay mineral is thus of considerable importance to the future of the hydrocarbon exploration and production industry. This paper presents an assessment of sandstone illite morphotypes and reviews the mechanisms which have been proposed for their formation.