Geochronology and geochemistry of the Parashi granitoid,NE Colombia: Tectonic implication of short-lived Early Eocene plutonism along the SE Caribbean margin

The Parashi granitoid of northeasternmost Colombia intrudes the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Paleocene accretionary complex formed by the collision of the Caribbean arc and the continental margin of South America. This granitoid presently separated of the continental margin includes a major quartzdiorite body with andesite to dacite dikes and mafic enclaves. Zircon U–Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS and K–Ar geochronology on the quartzdiorite and the dikes suggest that crystallization extended from ca. 47 to 51 Ma. Major and trace elements are characterized by a medium-K, immature continental arc signature and high Al₂O₃, Na₂O and Ba–Sr contents. Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic values range between 0.7050 and 0.7054, with ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.51235–0.51253, εNd and εHf values from −0.81 to −4.40 and −4.4 and −5.2. Major and trace element ratios and isotopic modeling suggest that sedimentary and/or quartzofeldspathic crustal sources were mixed with a mafic melt input. The petrotectonic and geological constraints derived from this granitoid suggest that Parashi plutonism records an immature, oblique subduction-zone setting in which the presence of a high-temperature mantle realm and strong plate coupling associated to upper crust subduction caused the partial fusion of a previously tectonically underplated mafic crust and associated metasediments exposed in the continental margin. The limited temporal expression of this magmatism and the transition to a regional magmatic hiatus are related to a subsequent change to strongly and slow oblique tectonics in the Caribbean–South America plate interactions and the underflow of a relatively thick slab of Caribbean oceanic crust.     

理解岩浆系统的物理过程

岩浆系统是一种复杂性动力系统,暗示岩浆系统的演化具有多重分支现象,即其演化路径包含一系列平衡过程与突变事件.因此,岩浆系统的物理过程是理解岩浆形成与演化及其相关地质过程的关键.邓晋福教授及其学术团队长期坚持岩浆系统物理过程的研究,在火成岩成因、火成岩构造组合、岩浆活动与成矿作用的关系和相关的地球深部过程等研究领域都做出了杰出的贡献.本文集刊登了部分相关的研究成果,以强调岩浆系统物理过程的重要性.我们撰写此文,目的是简要介绍本文集的主要内容和强调岩浆系统物理过程的研究意义.     

Unraveling one billion years of geological evolution of the southeastern Amazonia Craton from detrital zircon analyses

Despite representing one of the largest cratons on Earth, the early geological evolution of the Amazonia Craton remains poorly known due to relatively poor exposure and because younger metamorphic and tectonic events have obscured initial information. In this study, we investigated the sedimentary archives of the Carajás Basin to unravel the early geological evolution of the southeastern Amazonia Craton. The Carajás Basin contains sedimentary rocks that were deposited throughout a long period spanning more than one billion years from the Mesoarchean to the Paleoproterozoic. The oldest archives preserved in this basin consist of a few ca. 3.6 Ga detrital zircon grains showing that the geological roots of the Amazonia Craton were already formed by the Eoarchean. During the Paleoarchean or the early Mesoarchean (<3.1 Ga), the Carajás Basin was large and rigid enough to sustain the formation and preservation of the Rio Novo Group greenstone belt. Later, during the Neoarchean, at ca. 2.7 Ga, the southeastern Amazonia Craton witnessed the emplacement of the Parauapebas Large Igneous Province (LIP) that probably covered a large part of the craton and was associated with the deposition of some of the world largest iron formations. The emplacement of this LIP immediately preceded a period of continental extension that formed a rift infilled first by iron formations followed by terrigenous sediments. This major change of sedimentary regime might have been controlled by the regional tectonic evolution of the Amazonia Craton and its emergence above sea-level. During the Paleoproterozoic, at ca. 2.1 Ga, the Rio Fresco Group, consisting of terrigenous sediments from the interior of the Amazonia Craton, was deposited in the Carajás Basin. At that time, the Amazonian lithosphere could have either underwent thermal subsidence forming a large intracratonic basin or could have been deformed by long wavelength flexures that induced the formation of basins and swells throughout the craton under the influence of the growing Transamazonian mountain belt.     

Age and origin of subvolcanic rocks from NE Iran: Link between magmatic “flare-up” and mineralization

Paleogene igneous rocks from ～600?km Quchan-Sabzevar-Torud magmatic belt include a thick pile of volcanic and pyroclastic rocks which intruded by younger felsic-mafic plutons. Various types of mineralization including Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold (e.g., Firouzeh mine) and porphyry Cu-Au deposits (e.g., Jalambadan mine) are associated with the Quchan-Sabzevar magmatism. In this study, we describe new zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical-isotopic data of the subvolcanic rocks from near the Firouzeh mine. The Firouzeh subvolcanic rocks consist of (quartz-bearing) monzosyenites, monzodiorites and monzonites. These rocks have typical calc-alkaline signature and are mainly metaluminous in nature. Subvolcanic rocks display enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREEs) with negative Eu anomaly. Enrichment in Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILEs) and depletion in High-Field Strength Elements (HFSEs) are geochemical characteristics of these rocks. The Firouzeh volcanic rocks also display calc-alkaline signature and are metaluminous to peraluminous. Volcanic rocks show both enrichment in LREEs and LILEs, associated with negative Eu anomaly. Zircon U-Pb indicates ages of 43.2?±?0.4, 42.1?±?0.4 and 41.8?±?0.4 Ma for monzosyenites, monzodiorites and monzonites respectively. Zircon epsilon Hf_(t) shows average values of ?1.49 for monzonites, +9.07 for monzodiorites and ?1.06 for monzosyenites. The Hf model ages for these rocks are in the range of 850–730, 270–180 and 3150–450 Ma, respectively. Inherited zircons are abundant in monzonites and have variable Hf isotope values. The wide range of zircon εHf_(t) values and abundance of inherited/xenocrystic zircons suggest a multiple source(s) for the generation of the Firouzeh subvolcanic rocks, including a mantle melt and an old crustal component. Xenocrystic zircons indicate complex crustal components. We suggest the NE Iran subvolcanic rocks including the Firouzeh igneous rocks, generated above the Sabzevar subduction zone. This subduction zone was active since Late Cretaceous time.     

On the radiogenic heat production of metamorphic,igneous, and sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks cover-73% of the Earth's surface and metamorphic rocks account for approximately91% of the crust by volume. Understanding the average behavior and variability of heat production for these rock types are vitally important for developing accurate models of lithospheric temperature. We analyze the heat production of ～204,000 whole rock geochemical data to quantify how heat production of these rocks varies with respect to chemistry and their evolution during metamorphism. The heat production of metaigneous and metasedimentary rocks are similar to their respective protoliths. Igneous and metaigneous samples increase in heat production with increasing SiO_2 and K_2 O, but decrease with increasing FeO, MgO and CaO. Sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks increase in heat production with increasing Al_2 O_3, FeO, TiO_2, and K_2 O but decrease with increasing CaO. For both igneous and sedimentary rocks, the heat production variations are largely correlated with processes that affect K_2 O concentration and covary with other major oxides as a consequence. Among sedimentary rocks,aluminous shales are the highest heat producing(2.9 μW~(-3)) whereas more common iron shales are lower heat producing(1.7 μW m~(-3)). Pure quartzites and carbonates are the lowest heat producing sedimentary rocks. Globally, there is little definitive evidence for a decrease in heat production with increasing metamorphic grade. However, there remains the need for high resolution studies of heat production variations within individual protoliths that vary in metamorphic grade. These results improve estimates of heat production and natural variability of rocks that will allow for more accurate temperature models of the lithosphere.     

The nature of the heat source of mafic magmatism during the formation of the Vilyui rift based on the ages of dike swarms and results of numerical modeling

Possible mechanisms of rifting and the thermal regime of the lithosphere beneath the rift zone of the Vilyui sedimentary basin are considered based on the available isotopic ages of dike swarms, rates of sedimentation, and results of numerical modeling. Temporal correlations between the intrusion of mafic magma and a sharp increase in the rate of subsidence and sedimentation in the rift basin prove the contribution of both plate-tectonic and magmatic factors to the formation of the Vilyui rift. The results show a relationship between the rapid extension of the lithosphere and the formation of mafic dike swarms in the Yakutsk-Vilyui Large Igneous Province of the Siberian Platform at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, with a peak at ~ 374.1 Ma, and at the end of the Late Devonian, with a peak at ~ 363.4 Ma. There were two pulses of dike formation during rapid subsidence of the basin basement in the period 380-360 Ma, with a sedimentation rate of 100-130 m/Myr, at a background rate of 10-20 m/Myr. Analysis of numerical thermomechanical models revealed that the best-fit model is that combining the mechanisms of intraplate extension (passive rifting) and the ascent of a mantle magmatic diapir (active rifting). A conclusion about the nature of the heat source of trap magmatism has been drawn: The plume-driven regime of the lithosphere can better explain the dynamics of extension during rifting than the decompression melting mechanism.     

Reworking of deep-seated gabbros and associated contact metamorphosed paragneisses in the southeastern part of the Seiland Igneous Province, northern Norway

The Seiland Igneous Province of the North Norwegian Caledonides consists of a suite of deep-seated rift-related magmatic rocks emplaced into paragneisses during late Precambrian to Ordovician time. In the south-eastern part of the province, contact metamorphism of the paragneisses and later reworking of intrusives and associated contact aureoles have resulted in the development of three successive metamorphic stages. The contact metamorphic assemblage (M1) Opx + Grt + Qtz + Pl + Kfs + Hc + Ilm ± Crd is preserved in xenolithic rafts of paragneiss within metagabbro. Geothermobarometric calculations yield 930-960d? C and 5-6.5 kbar for the contact metamorphism. M1 was followed by cooling, accompanied by strong shearing, formation of the gneiss foliation and recrystallization at intermediate-P granulite facies conditions (M2). Stable M2 phases are Cpx + Opx + Pl +Ilm ± Hbl in metagabbro and Grt ± Sil ± Opx + Kfs + Qtz + Pl ± Bt + Ilm in host paragneiss. The M2 conditions are estimated to 700-750d? C and 5-7 kbar. A subsequent pressure increase is recorded in the M3 episode, which is associated with recrystallization in narrow ductile shear zones and secondary growth on M2 minerals. M3 is defined by the assemblages Grt + Cpx ± Opx + Pl + Ru + Qtz in metagabbro, and Grt ± Ky + Qtz + Pl ± Kfs + Bt + Ru in host paragneiss. M3 conditions are estimated to 650-700d? C and 8-10 kbar. The substantial pressure increase related to the M2 → M3 transition is interpreted to be a result of (early?) Caledonian overthrusting. Chemical zoning in cordierite and biotite suggest rapid cooling following the M3 event. The proposed P-T-t evolution implies that the tectonic evolution of the Seiland Igneous Province was long (at least 330 Ma) and complex and involved initial rifting and extension followed by crustal thickening and compression.     

西准噶尔吾尔喀什尔地区泥盆纪火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究

西准噶尔吾尔喀什尔地区萨吾尔山组上亚组的火山岩为一套浅海相中基性火山碎屑岩夹火山熔岩,对其内安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示其形成年龄为391±3Ma。本区火山熔岩都呈现出大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Cs、Sr、Ba）富集、高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf）明显负异常等典型弧火山岩的地球化学特征,但玄武安山岩（SiO2=52.9%~55.3%）与安山岩（SiO2=62.01%~62.41%）之间具有明显不同的(La/Yb)N比值(分别为3.5~8.0、21.4~23.6),暗示它们具有不同的源区,偏基性的玄武安山岩的源区主要为被俯冲带流体不均一交代的地幔楔橄榄岩,而安山岩则具有类似于埃达克质岩浆的地球化学特征,为俯冲洋壳板片于榴辉岩相条件下发生部分熔融的产物。     

塔里木柯坪地区二叠系沉积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素特征及其对塔里木块体地质演化的限定

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是我国继峨眉山大火成岩省得到国际公认后的又一个重要的大火成岩省,对其中广泛出露的多层玄武质熔岩的夹层沉积岩中的锆石年代学和Hf同位素特征研究可以对塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的岩浆演化以及之前的地质史方面的认识提供重要的信息。本文选取塔里木西北缘柯坪地区印干村大湾沟剖面玄武岩的夹层粉砂岩中3个不同层位的沉积岩样品,对其中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成进行了较系统的研究。研究表明3个样品碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄中最年轻的一组年龄峰值介于284~291Ma之间,与前人对塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省大规模溢流玄武质岩浆事件相吻合。此外,还存在老于1.7Ga、0.9~1.0Ga和750~850Ma以及410~450Ma的几组年龄,可能分别对应于塔里木哥伦比亚超大陆聚合、罗迪尼亚超大陆的聚合和裂解以及志留系地层的剥蚀沉积等一系列地质事件的发生。对上述3个沉积岩样品中锆石Hf同位素成分分析得出其碎屑锆石源区成分复杂,主要源自塔里木前寒武纪基底、志留系地层和塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省岩浆事件。具有二叠纪年龄的锆石ε_Hf(t)值在-10~4之间,平均值为-4.8,Hf同位素亏损地幔模式年龄t_DM^Hf为 801~1363Ma,表明这些玄武质熔岩中沉积岩夹层的碎屑锆石应该来自古老的富集岩石圈地幔。通过对柯坪地区这些夹层沉积岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素成分研究,有助于对塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省岩浆演化的认识。     

中国南极火成岩数据库数据结构和数据标准化的研究

根据南极火成岩信息和数据类型多、数据关系复杂、样品间数据完整性和精度差异大的特点，中国南极火成岩数据库划分为主库、来源文献、岩体地质学、岩石学、主要氧化物、稀土元素、痕量元素和同位素８个数据库。通过岩体系统号、样品系统号和来源文献号三个字段使８个数据库相互关联。中国南极火成岩数据库包括了１４０多个基本字段，存储火成岩岩石描述信息和分析数据。根据国内外火成岩数据标准化的现状的分析，中国南极火成岩数据库采用了国际地科联岩石学数据库分委会规定的标准词汇和代码，并利用代码－名词术语转换技术改善了用户界面