辽河滩海燕南潜山带中生界火成岩储层预测及勘探潜力初探

利用地震多属性分析等技术,对辽河坳陷滩海燕南潜山带中生界火成岩储层的分布、储层物性特征以及可能的含油气特征进行了初步预测。该火成岩以安山岩为主,钻时曲线普遍偏高,表明地层坚硬致密,一经构造运动等因素改造后,可以形成良好的裂缝性储层。本区溢流相火成岩含油气前景较好,应结合地震波形分类结果精细地圈定其分布范围,以作为今后勘探的有利地区。     

藏南措美残余大火成岩省的西延及意义

在西藏南东部和澳大利亚南西部新识别出的早白垩世Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省的范围还未能得到很好约束。为探讨这一问题,本文报道了西藏南东部浪卡子-洛扎以西、江孜、康马地区广泛分布的近东西向基性岩墙和少量玄武岩的岩石学和地球化学数据。这些以辉绿岩、辉长岩为主的镁铁质岩石属于碱性-亚碱性玄武岩系列,在地球化学上主要包括高Ti的洋岛玄武岩型和低Ti的大洋中脊玄武岩型,两者的εNd(t)值分别为(+0.9～+2.0)和(+4.6～+5.8)。这两种类型岩石的地球化学特征均与措美残余大火成岩省内的对应类型可比,暗示它们与措美残余大火成岩省一样,均形成于由地幔柱作用于大陆岩石圈引起的伸展背景,代表该残余大火成岩省的西延。本文研究结果使得现今保留在特提斯喜马拉雅带上的Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省的残余面积接近50000km2。该大火成岩省的大规模岩浆活动可能是引发研究区甚至全球早白垩世大洋缺氧事件的一个重要因素。     

Evidence for fractionation of Quaternary basalts on St. Paul Island, Alaska, with implications for the development of shallow magma chambers beneath Bering Sea volcanoes

St. Paul Island is the youngest volcanic center in the Bearing Sea basalt province. We have undertaken a field, petrographic, and geochemical study of select St. Paul volcanic rocks in order to better understand their differentiation; specifically, to test the hypothesis that magmas erupted from individual Bering Sea basaltic volcanoes are not related by shallow-level processes such as crystal fractionation. Petrographically, all of the St. Paul volcanic rocks are olivine-, plagioclase-, and clinopyroxene-phyric. Textural features and modal contents of olivine phenocrysts, however, vary widely throughout the spectrum of basalt compositions. Although differing in size and abundance, olivine phenocrysts in all rock compositions are euhedral and commonly skeletal, suggesting rapid growth during ascent or eruptive quenching. None, however, display reaction textures with surrounding groundmass liquid. Compositionally, the St. Paul volcanic rocks are basalts and tephritic basalts and all have high contents of normative nepheline (8% to 16%). Concentrations of many major and incompatible trace elements display no clear correlations with bulk-rock SiO₂ and MgO contents or modal abundances of phenocrysts, suggesting that much of the compositional diversity of these magmas reflects variable mantle sources and degrees of partial melting. Similarly, chondrite-normalized REE patterns show variable degrees of light REE enrichment (La_n=70–90) that do not correlate with bulk-rock mg-numbers. In contrast, concentrations of compatible trace elements (Ni, Cr, and Co) are positively correlated with MgO contents and modal percentages of olivine phenocrysts. Maximum forsterite contents of olivine phenocryst cores in most St. Paul rocks decrease with decreasing bulk-rock mg-number and are similar to the calculated equilibrium range. This is evidence that the high mg-numbers are magmatic and do not result from olivine accumulation. Instead, major and compatible trace element mass balance calculations support derivation of the low mg-number lavas from the high mg-number lavas mainly by olivine fractionation, which, in turn, implies that St. Paul magmas may have temporarily resided in crustal magma chambers prior to eruption.     

Silicate-melt inclusions in magmatic rocks: applications to petrology

Silicate-melt inclusions in igneous rocks provide important information on the composition and evolution of magmatic systems. Such inclusions represent accidentally trapped silicate melt (±immiscible H₂O and/or CO₂ fluids) that allow one to follow the evolution of magmas through snapshots, corresponding to specific evolution steps. This information is available on condition that they remained isolated from the enclosing magma after their entrapment. The following steps of investigation are discussed: (a) detailed petrographic studies to characterise silicate-melt inclusion primary characters and posttrapping evolution, including melt crystallisation; (b) high temperature studies to rehomogenise the inclusion content and select chemically representative inclusions: chemical compositions should be compared to relevant phase diagrams.

Silicate-melt inclusion studies allow us to concentrate on specific topics; inclusion studies in early crystallising phases allow the characterisation of primary magmas, while in more differentiated rocks, they unravel the subsequent chemical evolution. The distribution of volatile species (i.e., H₂O, CO₂, S, Cl) in inclusion glass can provide information on the degassing processes and on recycling of subducted material. In intrusive rocks, silicate melt inclusions may preserve direct evidence of magmatic stage evolution (e.g., immiscibility phenomena). Melt inclusions in mantle xenoliths indicate that high-silica melts can coexist with mantle peridotites and give information on the presence of carbonate melt within the upper mantle. Thus, combining silicate-melt inclusion data with conventional petrological and geochemical information and experimental petrology can increase our ability to model magmatic processes.     

Metamorphism of mineral matter in coal from the Bukit Asam deposit, south Sumatra, Indonesia

The coal of the Miocene Bukit Asam deposit in south Sumatra is mostly sub-bituminous in rank, consistent with regional trends due to burial processes. However, effects associated with Plio–Pleistocene igneous intrusions have produced coal with vitrinite reflectance up to at least 4.17% (anthracite) in different parts of the deposit. The un-metamorphosed to slightly metamorphosed coals, with Rv_max values of 0.45–0.65%, contain a mineral assemblage made up almost entirely of well-ordered kaolinite and quartz. The more strongly heat-affected coals, with Rv_max values of more than 1.0%, are dominated by irregularly and regularly interstratified illite/smectite, poorly crystallized kaolinite and paragonite (Na mica), with chlorite in some of the anthracite materials. Kaolinite is abundant in the partings of the lower-rank coals, but is absent from the partings in the higher-rank areas, even at similar horizons in the same coal seam. Regularly interstratified illite/smectite, which is totally absent from the partings in the lower-rank coals, dominates the mineralogy in the partings associated with the higher-rank coal beds. A number of reactions involving the alteration of silicate minerals appear to have occurred in both the coal and the associated non-coal lithologies during the thermal metamorphism generated by the intrusions. The most prominent involve the disappearance of kaolinite, the appearance of irregularly interstratified illite/smectite, and the formation of regular I/S, paragonite and chlorite. Although regular I/S is identified in all of the non-coal partings associated with the higher-rank coals, illite/smectite with an ordered structure is only recognised in the coal samples collected from near the bases of the seams. The I/S in the coal samples adjacent to the floor of the highest rank seam also appears to have a greater proportion of illitic components. The availability of sodium and other non-mineral inorganic elements in the original coal to interact with the kaolinite, under different thermal and geochemical conditions, appears to be the significant factor in the formation of these new minerals, and distinguishes the mineralogical changes at Bukit Asam from those developed more generally with rank increases due to burial, and from the effects of intrusions into coals that were already at higher rank levels.     

冀东地区早侏罗世岩浆岩成因及其意义

冀东地区位于华北克拉通东部,区内中生代岩浆活动强烈,形成了大量不同时代的侵入岩,成为研究华北克拉通破坏过程的重要研究对象。本文在冀东青龙地区对蛇盘兔花岗岩和龙须门闪长岩进行了锆石离子探针定年,分别获得了1920±24Ma和1905±13Ma的年龄,结合前人在冀东其它地区获得的190～199Ma的不同岩体的锆石年龄,表明冀东地区早侏罗世是一重要的岩浆作用时期。青龙地区的早侏罗世岩浆岩由经历了不同程度结晶分异的中-酸性岩组成,它们的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)明显高于华北古老下地壳的范围,说明可能并不是完全由古老下地壳重熔产生。另一方面,蛇盘兔花岗岩和龙须门闪长岩的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)均具有较小的变化范围,结合它们极低的Cr、Ni含量,可以排除壳幔岩浆的直接混合。鉴于该地区在三叠纪岩浆岩中存在亏损地幔物质的加入,推测冀东青龙地区早侏罗世岩浆岩可能来源于三叠纪底侵作用形成的新生地壳与古老地壳的混合源区的部分熔融。     

峨眉山大火成岩省与玄武岩铜矿--以贵州二叠纪玄武岩分布区为例

贵州晚二叠世玄武岩是峨眉山大火成岩省的组成部分，并位于其东区。全属高钛玄武岩。它是地幔柱边部或消亡期局部熔融产物。产物我省玄武岩中的铜矿床（点），与北美大陆同类铜矿有相似之处，可统称为玄武岩铜矿，属于“与陆相镁铁质喷发岩有关的铜矿床成矿系列”。     

基于细胞神经网络重力异常提取的东海火成岩分布

岩浆活动是东海盆地在形成发展过程中各期构造运动伴生的产物,由于火成岩一般与围岩具有明显密度差异,从而引起局部重力异常,但火成岩引起的异常往往被区域异常所掩盖,在重力异常图上无法识别。利用改进细胞神经网络方法对东海盆地火成岩引起的重力异常进行提取,能够突出目标异常,将水平(横向)叠加异常区分开以识别火成岩。结果表明,东海盆地火成岩发育广泛,以NNE向条带状分布为主。     

苏鲁造山带五莲地区岩浆岩元素和同位素地球化学研究

对苏鲁造山带五莲地区新元古代和中生代岩浆岩分别进行了主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和氧同位素研究。结果表明,新元古代花岗岩具有显著的LREE富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P和Ti负异常,δNd（t）为-12．6～-6．9,可能与古元古代老地壳物质再循环有关、锆石δ^18O值为-1．02～7．60℃,变化范围较大,近半数样品明显低于典型地幔δ^18O”0值。新元古代辉长岩具有板内裂谷环境的特征,其εNd（t）在1．6～5．3之间,说明其岩浆起源于亏损地幔,但是经受了一定程度的地壳混染作用,唯一一个辉长岩样品的锆石δ^18O值与部分花岗岩锆石δ^18O值一样,明显高于典型地幔值,可能是基性岩浆在沿裂谷喷发过程中经历了低温热液蚀变,随后又发生破火山口垮塌,导致蚀变玄武岩在岩浆房重熔而形成高δ^18O岩浆。中生代花岗岩和闪长岩表现出明显的高场强元素（Nd、Ta、P和Ti）负异常以及显著的LREE富集．εNd（t）值很低（-19．2～-15．3）,同样是由古老地壳物质部分熔融形成、其锆石δ^18O变化范围为3．19～6．43％。,大多数样品与典型地幔锆石一样。石英与锆石之间大都达到并保存了氧同位素平衡分馏,而其它矿物（如长石、黑云母和角闪石等）与锆石之间由于受到岩浆期后亚固相热液蚀变而大都表现出明显的氧同位素不平衡分馏．元素和氧同位素特征表明,中生代闪长岩可能是基性下地壳脱水部分熔融并经过结晶分异形成的;花岗岩则可能是由中性下地壳的脱水部分熔融形成的。新元古代花岗岩与中生代花岗岩在微量元素配分模型和Sr-Nd同位素组成上具有十分相似的特征,因此未经历强烈热液蚀变的新元古代花岗质侵入岩可能是中生代花岗岩的原岩,但这些新元古代岩浆岩的锆石δ^18O变化范围较大,与中生代岩浆岩相比在流体活动性元素含量上也存在差别,这可能是由于新元古代岩浆岩侵位深度比中生代岩浆岩源区所处深度相对较浅所致。现有的研究结果表明,新元古代岩浆岩的形成与约740～760Ma的Rodinia超大陆裂解有关的裂谷岩浆活动有关,新生地壳物质作为热源启动了热液蚀变,并局部形成了低δ^18O岩浆。而中生代岩浆岩则是俯冲陆壳在加厚造山带背景下的部分熔融产物,岩浆源区物质由于所处深度较大没有受到明显的高温大气降水热液蚀变。     

Devil in the detail; The 1150–1000 Ma magmatic and structural evolution of the Ngaanyatjarra Rift,west Musgrave Province,Central Australia

Mafic and felsic rocks units of the Musgrave Province originally attributed to the c. 1075 Ma Giles Event of the greater Warakurna Large Igneous Province (LIP) are shown to be part of a complex sequence of magmatic and tectonic events punctuated over a span of at least 50 m.y. New geochronology and mapping resolve a sequence of at least 10 magmatic pulses with hiati of up to 10 m.y. consistent with a long-lived intracontinental rift setting. This rift, here named the Ngaanyatjarra Rift, features giant layered mafic-ultramafic Giles intrusions cut by a 10 km wide mafic-felsic magmatic shear zone. The latter is temporally related to the Warakurna LIP, however it is not clear that the Giles intrusions actually form part of the Warakurna LIP. Macroscopic folding and the formation of the large synmagmatic transpressional shear zone attest to synmagmatic basin inversion in the early stages of the rift. The extensive mafic to felsic volcanic rocks of the Tollu Group (traditionally grouped with the Giles Event) were emplaced 25–50 m.y. later than the c. 1075 Ma Warakurna LIP.