Concepts of blast hole pressure applied to blast design

Blast hole pressure is the starting point for many blast design calculations, but the way in which it is usually derived, from measured detonation velocity, indicates that more thought is needed as to its true meaning and implication. The general impression is given that the energy in the hole is defined by velocity of detonation (VoD), but this is rarely the case. VoD is defined by the energy released in the detonation driving zone between the shock front and the sonic (or CJ) surface, and for commercial explosives it is normal for reaction not to be complete within this zone. Reaction and energy delivery continues behind it, not reflected by VoD. Thus it would be more appropriate to use the theoretical VoD, not the measured VoD, to derive the starting pressure, since this would reflect the energy input of full reaction. In decoupled situations, the derivation of pressure at the blast hole wall using a polynomial decay concept is also of debatable value, and an alternative is offered.     

震害预测中抽样方法的研究

本文阐述了在震害预测中采用分块抽样方法的一般原理,对于确定抽样样本总额的方法和样本总额在分块抽样中的理想分配进行了讨论,文中以乌鲁木齐市钢筋混凝土房屋的震害预测为对象,说明了分块抽样法的实际应用及其对于随机抽样法的优越性。文中对逐栋调查和分块抽样调查所得到的震害预测结果进行了对比,论述了这一抽样方法的可行性。     

钻爆结合成井工艺的研究

利用炸药聚能效应原理,研制井内漂砾破碎器,结合扩钻进的方法,解决了卵漂砾地层大口径成井难的技术问题,提高钻进效率达几倍至几十倍,加快成矿井速度。介绍了井内漂砾破碎器的原理、结构、应用效果以及钻爆结合成井工艺的特点、注意事项等。     

海中取淤的海堤安全距离分析

在距离海堤较近的海中取淤会引起海堤较大的变形。针对某围海造地工程,选择常规的斜坡堤进行分析。采用理想弹塑性模型,改变取淤位置与堤脚的距离进行计算。结果表明如果以10 mm为控制标准,取淤距离保持300 m是比较合适的。放松对位移的要求,取淤距离可以更近一些。     

云南地区强震电磁波异常特征及其预报意义

从1992年11月开始实施了中日地震电磁波观测和研究项目，该电磁波观测资料真实完整地观测记录到丽江等29次近震电磁波异常的发展过程；对29个地震的特征作了对比观测研究，表明地震电磁波异常有3种发展类型，与之对应建立了3种地震电磁波预报规则；初步提出利用地震电磁波预报地震的模式；分析、讨论TOA电磁波监泅系统的优越性，并在一定程度上对发展地震电磁波观测找到了有效的前兆信息观测方法和监泅系统。这将对地震电磁波的观测和研究以及对地震短临预报起到一定的推动作用。     

A Non-Ideal Detonation Model for Evaluating the Performance of Explosives in Rock Blasting

Summary  A new model to predict the non-ideal detonation behaviour of commercial explosives in rock blasting is presented. The model combines the slightly divergent flow theory, polytropic equation of state, simple pressure-dependent rate law and statistical expressions to model the effect of confinement on detonation. The model has been designated as DeNE, an acronym for the Detonics of Non-ideal Explosives. It is aimed at predicting the detonation state and subsequent rarefaction (Taylor) wave to provide the pressure history for different explosive, rock type and blasthole diameter combinations. It enables the prediction and comparison of the performance of commercial explosives in different blasting environments. The unconfined detonation velocity data has been obtained from the testing of six commercial explosives to calibrate DeNE. A detailed sensitivity analysis has been conducted to evaluate the model. The model has been validated using the results of hydrocodes as well as measured and published in-hole detonation velocity data. Author’s address: Sedat Esen, Metso Minerals Process Technology (Asia-Pacific), Unit 1, 8–10 Chapman Place, Eagle Farm, Qld 4009, Australia     

广州市水资源持续开发的理想模式初探

在论述广州市水资源开发问题的基础上,提出了广州市水资源持续开发的理想模式－需水量零增长的极限模式,并对此模式进行了分析,进一步提出了广州市水资源持续开发的措施。     

A Statistical Approach to Predict the Effect of Confinement on the Detonation Velocity of Commercial Explosives

Summary Commercial explosives behave non-ideally in rock blasting. A direct and convenient measure of non-ideality is the detonation velocity. In this study, an alternative model fitted to experimental unconfined detonation velocity data is proposed and the effect of confinement on the detonation velocity is modelled. Unconfined data of several explosives showing various levels of non-ideality were successfully modelled. The effect of confinement on detonation velocity was modelled empirically based on field detonation velocity measurements. Confined detonation velocity is a function of the ideal detonation velocity, unconfined detonation velocity at a given blasthole diameter and rock stiffness. For a given explosive and charge diameter, as confinement increases detonation velocity increases. The confinement model is implemented in a simple engineering based non-ideal detonation model. A number of simulations are carried out and analysed to predict the explosive performance parameters for the adopted blasting conditions.     

基于TOPSIS和热点分析的都汶公路沿线地质生态环境承载力评价

针对山区公路沿线复杂地质生态环境动态变化等问题, 以都江堰 - 汶川公路沿线区域为研究对象, 提出了一种基于承载力综合质量和空间聚类关系对区域地质生态环境承载力评价的方法, 实现了对具有地质灾害易发特点的山区公路沿线区域承载力状况的科学评价。通过自然 - 环境 - 人文模型构建区域承载力状况评估指标体系, 借助层次分析法确定各评价指标因子的权重, 采用TOPSIS算法（逼近理想解排序方法）进行计算并加权叠加得到承载力综合质量状况, 结合热点分析的结果对研究区的承载力状况进行等级划分。结果表明： 研究区的地质环境、 生态环境、 社会经济承载力质量空间分布皆呈现出高度聚集性, 划入适宜建设区的面积占比31.12%, 后备调控区的面积占比31.98%, 不宜建设区面积占比36.79%, 研究区内的映秀镇、 漩口镇和都江堰所组成的三角区呈现大面积的高值聚集区, 承载力综合质量好, 空间聚集度高, 利于规划建设。评价结果为区域承载力准确评价和空间利用格局研究提供了新思路, 也可为防灾减灾工作提供参考。     

Bi‐Solute Sorption of Estrogens at Low Concentration: Two‐ and Three‐Parametric Analysis

Competitive sorption of estriol (E3) and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) was studied on activated charcoal. Better sorption of E3 (88.9%) and EE2 (69.5%) was observed with single‐solute sorption system than with bi‐solute sorption system. Single‐solute sorption kinetics of E3 and EE2 were evaluated with two (Langmuir and Freundlich) and three (dual mode and Song) parameter models. Freundlich model (R², 0.9915 (E3); 0.9875 (EE2)) showed good prediction compared to other models for single‐solute sorption. Adsorption capacity documented reduced efficacy (86.4% (E3); 65.9% (EE2)) due to induced competitive behavior between the estrogens in aqueous phase. Bi‐solute adsorption kinetics of E3 and EE2 were described by IAST with two and three parameter models. Among these models, IAST‐Freundlich model (R², 0.9765 (E3); 0.9985 (EE2)) was best in predicting bi‐solute sorption of E3 and EE2 by activated charcoal. All these models showed favorable representation of both single‐ and bi‐solute sorption behaviors.