正确认识各种关系确保质量体系持续有效运行

论述了企业获得贯标认证证书后出现的新情况,分析了贯标与文件的可操作性、经济效益、工程规模、质量记录、偶发性质量问题之间的关系,提出了确保质量体系持续有效运行的几项措施.     

Assessment of digital camera-derived vegetation indices in quantitative monitoring of seasonal rice growth

A commercially available digital camera can be used in a low-cost automatic observation system for monitoring crop growth change in open-air fields. We developed a prototype Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS) for monitoring rice growth, but the ready-made waterproof cases that we used produced shadows on the images. After modifying the waterproof cases, we repeated the fixed-point camera observations to clarify questions regarding digital camera-derived vegetation indices (VIs), namely, the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) based on daytime normal color images (RGB image) and the nighttime relative brightness index (NRBI_NIR) based on nighttime near infrared (NIR) images. We also took frequent measurements of agronomic data such as plant length, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground dry matter weight to gain a detailed understanding of the temporal relationship between the VIs and the biophysical parameters of rice. In addition, we conducted another nighttime outdoor experiment to establish the link between NRBI_NIR and camera-to-object distance. The study produced the following findings. (1) The customized waterproof cases succeeded in preventing large shadows from being cast, especially on nighttime images, and it was confirmed that the brightness of the nighttime NIR images had spatial heterogeneity when a point light source (flashlight) was used, in contrast to the daytime RGB images. (2) The additional experiment using a forklift showed that both the ISO sensitivity and the calibrated digital number of the NIR (cDN_NIR) had significant effects on the sensitivity of NRBI_NIR to the camera-to-object distance. (3) Detailed measurements of a reproductive stem were collected to investigate the connection between the morphological feature change caused by the panicle sagging process and the downtrend in NRBI_NIR during the reproductive stages. However, these agronomic data were not completely in accord with NRBI_NIR in terms of the temporal pattern. (4) The time-series data for the LAI, plant length, and aboveground dry matter weight could be well approximated by a sigmoid curve based on NRBI_NIR and VARI. The results confirmed that NRBI_NIR was more sensitive to all of the agronomic data for overall season, including the early reproductive stages. VARI had an especially high correlation with LAI, unless yellow panicles appeared in the field of view.     

Sediment concentrations of heavy metals in the Homa Lagoon (Eastern Aegean Sea): Assessment of contamination and ecological risks

The concentrations of heavy metals and organic carbon in sediment of the Homa Lagoon which is one of the most productive lagoons and commercial important active fish trap in the Eastern Aegean Sea, were investigated in order to describe the temporal and spatial distributions of metals. These results were used to evaluate possible ecological risks that could be a problem for the environment of the lagoon in the future. Sediments were enriched with Cr, Ni and considered as heavily polluted per the SQG. The C_f of Ni and Cr were presented moderate level of contamination in this area. The C_d levels indicated moderate degree of contamination at station B, C, D and E due to agricultural drainage water, industrial and domestic wastewater, are transported by the Gediz River. Sediments from Homa Lagoon were most toxic for Ni due to exceedances of the TEL and PEL values.     

大气季节内振荡的研究进展及其在延伸期预报中的应用

回顾和总结了大气季节内振荡(ISO)的主要研究成果,尤其是新近的研究成果,主要包括大气ISO 的基本特征和活动规律、与ENSO 的相互作用、动力学机制及其对我国天气和气候的影响;重点讨论了季节内振荡在延伸期预报中的可能应用,并从季节内振荡的角度提出了制作延伸期预报的思路和流程.     

植被对季节内振荡影响的数值模拟

The influences of vegetation on intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) were examined using the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3).Two 15-year numerical experiments were completed:the first was performed with a realistic vegetation distribution (VEG run),and the second was identical to the VEG run except without land vegetation (NOVEG run).Generally speaking,CAM3 was able to reproduce the spatial distribution of the ISO,but the ISO intensity in the simulation was much weaker than that observed in nature:the ISO has a relatively much stronger signal.A comparison of the VEG run with the NOVEG run revealed that the presence of vegetation usually produces a weak ISO.The vegetation effects on ISO intensity were significant over West Africa and South Asia,especially in the summer half-year.Vegetation also plays an important role in modulating ISO propagation.The eastward propagation of the ISO in the VEG run was clearer than that in the NOVEG run over the West African and Maritime Continent regions.The northward propagation of the ISO in the VEG run was more consistent with observation than that in the NOVEG run.     

2005年6月东亚夏季风活动异常及其影响机制初步分析

应用欧洲中心（ECMWF）N日08时客观分析资料、中国测站降水资料、OLR资料和NCEP2再分析资料以及国家气象中心提供的1976～2006年的逐日西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置，利用合成分析、小波分析和带通滤波等方法，初步分析了2005年东亚夏季风的活动特征和影响机制。结果发现2005年6月东亚夏季风活动出现明显异常，其中31～32候季风前沿异常停留在南海-菲律宾一带以及华南西部，33～35候季风前沿停滞在华南地区，较常年明显偏南，造成了我国华南洪涝；36候季风前沿跳至黄淮地区，导致长江空梅、黄淮地区多雨。进一步研究发现西太平洋副热带高压和中高纬槽脊活动异常及热带和中高纬度低频振荡是导致2005年6月东亚夏季风异常的主要原因。     

Extraction of heavy metals in Sydney Harbour sediments using 1M HCl and 0.05M EDTA and implications for sediment‐quality guidelines

Sixty sediment samples with a wide range of heavy‐metal concentrations and sediment textures were collected from Sydney Harbour. The samples were extracted with 1M HCl, 0.05M EDTA and HClO₄/HNO₃ and analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry for Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd. 1M HCl extracted a large proportion of heavy metals in oxic sediments (60–100%), whereas the extractability of metals with 0.05M EDTA was generally lower (by ～20%). Extractability was unrelated to the level of contamination or to sediment texture. The extractability of Cu in anoxic sediments was substantially lower with 1M HCl (～20%) and 0.05M EDTA (～10%) than with HClO₄/HNO₃. The extractability of Pb with 0.05M EDTA was also reduced in anoxic sediments (to ～70%). The use of weak extractants, in particular 1M HCl, is recommended by the recently introduced ANZECC and ARMCANZ interim sediment‐quality guidelines. These extractants are believed to provide a better measure of the bioavailable metal content than strong acid extractants. In this study, anoxic, sulfidic environments had a major influence on metal extractability with weak extractants. The implication of this is that the number of samples requiring further testing, as stipulated by the guidelines, would be significantly reduced in anoxic sediments.     

长江中游和下游夏季降水季节内振荡的差异

利用1979~2013年中国站点逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对长江中下游夏季降水的季节内振荡最显著周期进行了分析研究。结果表明长江中游最显著周期为10~30天,长江下游最显著周期为30~60天。为了揭示这种差异产生的物理原因,进一步利用位相合成的方法对这两个区域不同周期的季节内振荡降水、高低空风场和高度场以及垂直结构和水汽等循环过程的演变特征进行分析。在200 hPa环流场上,长江中游的降水主要受到高纬度自西向东传播的波列影响,而长江下游的降水与鄂霍次克海的高度场的变化相关。在风场的垂直涡度和散度的位相结构演变过程中,10~30天的垂直涡度和散度有自北向南的移动,30~60天的垂直涡度和散度在长江以南地区有自南向北的传播。水汽输送的位相发展过程表明,长江中游的水汽分别来自于南海的向北输送和长江以北地区向南的水汽输送;长江下游地区的水汽则主要来自于热带东印度洋经孟加拉湾的向东输送并在南海的北向输送,以及西太平洋水汽向西输送到南海再向长江下游的输送。从高层大尺度环流场和整层积分的水汽通量输送上解释了长江中游10~30天降水的自北向南移动,和长江下游30~60天降水自南向北传播的原因。     

An analysis of extreme intraseasonal rainfall events during January–March 2010 over eastern China

The precipitation over eastern China during January–March 2010 exhibited a marked intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and a dominant period of 10-60 days. There were two active intraseasonal rainfall periods. The physical mechanisms responsible for the onset of the two rainfall events were investigated using ERA-interim data. In the first ISO event, anomalous ascending motion was triggered by vertically integrated (1000–300 hPa) warm temperature advection. In addition to southerly anomalies on the intraseasonal (10–60-day) timescale, synoptic-scale southeasterly winds helped advect warm air from the South China Sea and western Pacific into the rainfall region. In the second ISO event, anomalous convection was triggered by a convectively unstable stratification, which was caused primarily by anomalous moisture advection in the lower troposphere (1000–850 hPa) from the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-China Peninsula. Both the intraseasonal and the synoptic winds contributed to the anomalous moisture advection. Therefore, the winter intraseasonal rainfall events over East Asia in winter could be affected not only by intraseasonal activities but also by higher frequency disturbances.     

GGR Biennial Review: Reference Materials in Geoanalytical and Environmental Research – Review for 2008 and 2009

This review gives an overview of the literature on reference materials of geochemical and environmental interest for the two-year period 2008–2009. Reference materials play an increasingly important role in all fields of geoanalytical research. This is demonstrated by the large number of publications containing data on reference materials. Although many reference materials exist, there is still a great need for certified samples, so-called delta zero materials for stable isotopic work and homogeneous microanalytical reference materials. This review focuses on six topics: developments of certification processes of reference materials mainly postulated in ISO guidelines and the IAG protocol, new developments of the GeoReM database, investigations of powdered rock reference materials, Chinese reference materials published in Chinese journals, microanalytical reference materials and isotopic reference materials.