全球变暖背景下热带大气季节内振荡的变化特征及数值模拟

利用欧洲中期数值预报中心的ERA40再分析逐日的200 hPa风场资料,选取1958—1977年和1980—1999年各20年,对比分析了在全球变暖背景下前后两个时段热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的特征及其变化。研究表明:近20 a来,原来在赤道中太平洋上活跃的ISO减弱,而在中印度洋、孟加拉湾地区ISO变得活跃;全球变暖背景下,ISO的强度变化幅度加大,表明ISO更加活跃,且季节变化明显,冬、春季强,夏、秋季弱;对流层上层的纬向风能量更集中于1—3波,ISO的频率有加大的趋势。还利用中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG发展的耦合气候系统模式FGOALS-1.0g中的控制试验及其二氧化碳浓度加倍试验结果,分别对应实测资料的前后20年进行对比分析。发现模式对ISO的空间结构模拟较好,但低估了ISO的强度;时空谱分析表明模式结果中包含有更多的纬向风的高频成分,由于能量的分散,导致对ISO活动强度的低估。但通过对模式的控制试验和温室气体增加试验结果的对比分析,发现耦合模式还是较好地反映出在全球变暖背景下ISO在中印度洋、孟加拉湾地区变得活跃、频率加大等变化特征。     

Forestry as a streamflow reduction activity in South Africa: Discussion and evaluation of the proposed procedure for the assessment of afforestation permit applications in terms of water sustainability

Commercial afforestation in South Africa dates back to the 1870s and started as an alternative to the fast disappearing indigenous timber resource. It involves the planting of exotic timber species and has impacts on water resources, soil biodiversity, landscapes, etc. Commercial afforestation of land has been subjected to regulation through the Afforestation Permit System (APS) since 1972, primarily to protect the national water resource. Since the APS no longer adequately dealt with afforestation regulation, it was replaced in 1999 with a procedure that was supposed to integrate the requirements of relevant legislation and general environmental management principles. This paper is a theoretical review of the background and development of the new South African Streamflow Reduction Activities licensing procedure, as well as whether it complies with the requirements of an environmental management system such as ISO 14001. The main conclusion is that the new procedure, although an improvement on the previous procedure, still has shortcomings especially with regard to the operational and decommissioning phases of forestry in South Africa. It is recommended that these aspects be addressed in order to mitigate the impact of forestry on water sustainability in South Africa. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

加强基础测绘管理、提高测绘产品质量

文章分析了测绘产品质量存在的问题及其成因 ,由此总结出测绘质量管理工作的两个方面 ,并对加强这两个方面的工作进行了深入探讨 ,最后提出建立测绘项目管理数据库 ,运用现代化手段保障测绘主管部门的质量监督管理。     

Urban Sustainability Indicators: how do Australian city decision makers perceive and use global reporting standards?

The introduction in 2014 of the first globally standardised sustainability metric for cities, ISO 37120, transformed the concept of scalability for sustainable city indicators. Our study uses original research involving producers and consumers of urban sustainability indicators (USIs), including ISO 37120, to review the current use of sustainability indicators (SIs) in Sydney and ascertain the use-value of internationally standardised USIs as perceived by professionals in the field. Our findings show that managers of cities use SIs in a variety of ways, yet links between SIs and organisational decision making are often weak. The cost of adaptation to a new indicator set may be prohibitive, especially for smaller city governments. Larger cities are seen to benefit more from international exposure and comparison. Highlighting ISO 37120 should be valued for the opportunity it presents for comparative learning regarding the nature of a sustainable city rather than its benchmarking potential. This article recommends that the process of achieving a sustainable city should be informed by ‘strong’ rather than ‘weak’ sustainability; in this regard ISO 37120 has potential for refinement. Further research is needed into determining aspects of city comparability and methods for linking USI data to government decision making in order to achieve sustainability outcomes.     

Unidata’s Common Data Model mapping to the ISO 19123 Data Model

Access to real-time distributed Earth and Space Science (ESS) information is essential for enabling critical Decision Support Systems (DSS). Thus, data model interoperability between the ESS and DSS communities is a decisive achievement for enabling cyber-infrastructure which aims to serve important societal benefit areas. The ESS community is characterized by a certain heterogeneity, as far as data models are concerned. Recent spatial data infrastructures implement international standards for the data model in order to achieve interoperability and extensibility. This paper presents well-accepted ESS data models, introducing a unified data model called the Common Data Model (CDM). CDM mapping into the corresponding elements of the international standard coverage data model of ISO 19123 is presented and discussed at the abstract level. The mapping of CDM scientific data types to the ISO coverage model is a first step toward interoperability of data systems. This mapping will provide the abstract framework that can be used to unify subsequent efforts to define appropriate conventions along with explicit agreed-upon encoding forms for each data type. As a valuable case in point, the content mapping rules for CDM grid data are discussed addressing a significant example.

水体沉积物环境质量基准建立方法研究进展

近20年来,不同的研究机构和研究者先后提出了多种水体沉积物环境质量基准建立方法,这些方法大多产生于北美地区,都是以底栖动物为保护目标,直接或间接地以污染物的生物效应为依据,可划分为2类：即基于沉积物毒性试验、现场生物效应观察和效应发生频率统计的方法;基于平衡分配理论,污染物在沉积物固相—间隙水相间的分配关系的方法。各种方法都有其适用范围和局限性。目前研究中存在的主要问题是：无法明确污染物—生物效应间的因果关系,难以确定影响污染物生物有效性的因素及其影响程度。因此,至今还没有提出一种可广泛应用的沉积物环境质量基准建立方法。建立统一的沉积物毒性试验、测定标准,提高数据的可靠性,重视不同基准建立方法的结合,将是今后研究的重点和发展方向。     

Distal Magmatic-Hydrothermal Origin for the Camaquã Cu (Au-Ag) and Santa Maria Pb, Zn (Cu-Ag) Deposits, Southern Brazil

The Camaquã Cu (Au, Ag) and Santa Maria Pb-Zn (Cu, Ag) deposits are the largest base-metal deposits discovered so far in the sedimentary clastic sequences of the Neoproterozoic-age Camaquã Basin. The origin of the Camaquã-Santa Maria deposits has been the centre of dispute, with three alternative genetic hypotheses proposed: a syngenetic model, a diagenetic model, and a magmatic hydrothermal model. In detail, this mineralization has been suggested to be related to sedimentary clastic-diagenetic processes, volcanic-related processes, or deep granitic magmatism.Reevaluation of previous data and new studies in the area yield the following conclusions: (1) mineralization is fracture-controlled and magmatic-hydrothermal in origin rather than stratiform syngenetic or diagenetic; (2) the temperature of deposition of the main ore minerals was 210 to 300°C; (3) the ∂³⁴S of sulphides of around 0% indicates an external magmatic-hydrothermal source of sulphur; (4) Pb isotope ratios of sulphides indicate that metals were derived at the end of the Brasiliano Cycle from a large crustal source with very primitive Pb and that (5) the age of mineralization is 594 Ma, as constrained by U/Pb SHRIMP (Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe) determinations on zircons of the Lavras Granite.Thus, the Camaquã and Santa Maria deposits are interpreted to be of magmatic-hydrothermal origin, with the metals derived from an old crustal-basement source during the end of Dom Feliciano Collisional Orogeny, at 594 Ma, late in the Brasiliano Cycle.The interpretation above is critical for base-metal exploration in the Sul Riograndense Shield. Previous exploration methodologies mainly followed models based on a sedimentary hypothesis for the origin of the deposits. However, the occurrence of mineralization along fractures within specific wall-rocks requires consideration of alternative exploration parameters. These include: (1) ancient EW- and NW-trending regional fractures and their intersections, which are potential structural sites for base-metal mineralization, and (2) preferential wall-rock sites, either rocks with high initial porosity or secondary fracture-induced porosity or soluble rocks which are susceptible to replacement processes. Post-collisional plutonism of the Dom Feliciano Orogeny was the most likely heat source, and also the source of sulphur and base metals. Gravity surveys and alteration studies would be useful to determine the presence of intrusive bodies at depth which may have the potential to host porphyry-style Cu-Au deposits.     

SWS-Detector Glitch Effect Correction

We describe how the ISO-SWS (Infrared Space Observatory – Short Wavelength Spectrometer) software packages detect various glitch events i.e. high energy particle hits effecting the SWS detectors. A rough classification of glitch types is given. The events cause an instantaneous change in the slope of the SWS detector read outs followed by a distortion of the further samples, so called glitch tails. As a consequence the S/N ratio and photometric accuracy are reduced.Different strategies, how to remove the resulting distortion of the detectorread-out-ramp after a hit, are presented. The methods of the basic SWS software packages, the Pipeline and Interactive Analysis, will be discussed. The Pipeline has to treat glitch effects automatically. The Interactive Analysis system provides the user with a comfortable Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Trend Analysis, detailed analysis of certain glitches and the testing of new algorithms.     

通过质量认证与国际标准接轨——海洋技术研究所的质量认证

本文阐述了国家海洋局海洋技术研究所在ＩＳＯ９００１质量体系认证工作中的做法和经验。     

大气季节内振荡的活动与江淮流域夏季旱涝

观测资料的分析极为清楚地表明,江淮流域的夏季降水有着极为明显的低频变化,周期为30-60d和近20d的振荡是其最基本的特征,尤其是在多雨的年份.对应江淮夏季多雨(涝)年和少雨(旱)年,大气环流的分析表明其大气季节内振荡(IS0)的形势有着显著的差异.例如在多雨(少雨)年,在长江以南的850hPa上为一个低频(IS0)反气旋(气旋)性环流控制,而中国北部和日本一带为气旋(反气旋)性环流,从而在江淮流域形成较强的低频辐合(辐散)气流;在200hPa的青藏高原上却为一个低频气旋(反气旋)性环流所控制.分析还表明,对应多雨年,在江淮流域有明显的由中高讳度向南传播和由低玮度向北传播的大气低频振荡的汇合情况;而对应于少雨年,由中高纬度向南传播的低频系统较不明显,在江淮流域低频系统的汇合也较为不清楚.