Rational combination of mathematical methods for predicting ore deposits

Summary This study emphasizes the important role of a flexible, multipurpose data base, including both qualitative and quantitative information, for metallogenic investigations and prospect assessment. Information stored in such a data base allows processing by various methods for different purposes and obtaining efficient and comparable results.     

一个中生代的拉分盆地——宁芜盆地的形成及演化

宁芜盆地是中国东部郯庐断裂系中沿方山—南陵左行剪切断裂发育的中生代拉分盆地,形成于晚侏罗世,消亡于晚白垩世。根据宁芜盆地的构造变动、沉积建造、火山及岩浆活动和成矿作用等特点,文中提出了宁芜拉分盆地的生成及演化模式,并将宁芜拉分盆地的发展分为:(1)萌芽期——盆地核;(2)年轻期——“S”型盆地;(3)成熟期——菱形盆地和(4)消亡期——最终发展四个演化阶段。宁芜拉分盆地以具有强烈的火山活动为特征,特别是“S”形盆地末期,由于碱性的中基性次火山岩的侵入,形成了宁芜地区重要的玢岩铁矿。宁芜拉分盆地的构造应力场随着盆地的发展而不断变化,总的变化趋势是盆地内的拉张区逐渐扩大,在最终发展阶段这种拉张作用已遍及整个盆地。数值模拟的结果表明,NNE—NE向的拉张应力比NWW—NW向的挤压应力大数倍,宁芜拉分盆地正是在这种强大的拉张应力作用下得以形成及发展的。     

一个与同熔型侵入岩体有关的铀矿床成因

8411铀矿床在时间上和空间上,与某典型的同熔型石英正长岩体直接伴生。该矿床赋存于石英正长岩体外接触带侏罗系长石石英砂岩中。岩体出露面积约90Km~2,按侵入先后分为:(1)黑云母石英正长岩;(2)正长斑岩;(3)粗-细粒石英正长岩;(4)似斑状细粒石英正长岩。矿石的矿物组成较复杂,主要铀矿物为沥青铀矿、铀黑、准铜铀云母及钙铀云母。其他矿物有Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Co的硫化物,及磁铁矿、赤铁矿、微晶石英、方解石等。石英正长岩体的锶同位素初始比值中等(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.707),具同熔型花岗岩类的特征。该矿床的矿岩时差小(<22百万年)。矿石的氧同位素研究结果表明,成矿热液中的水由岩浆水和大气降水组成。矿石中40个黄铁矿δ~(34)S=-2.3‰-+20.5‰,其平均值δ~(34)S=+10.44‰,这表明成矿热液中的硫具有深部硫和地壳硫的混合特征。矿石中气-液包裹体测温及地温计计算得出该矿床矿化热液温度约为100—300℃,沥青铀矿形成温度约170—200℃。该矿床成矿物质主要来自石英正长岩岩浆,部分成矿物质则汲自成矿围岩,它属中-低温复成因铀矿床,其成矿机理与华南改造型花岗岩有关的许多铀矿床有明显的差异。 8411铀矿床在空间上和时间上,与某典型的同熔型石英正长岩侵入体有关,是一个以岩浆期后热液作用为主的复合成因铀矿床。剖析该矿床的成因,对于研究华南两类不同花岗岩型铀矿床特征,具有一定意义。     

Solid state C NMR studies of selected oil shales from Queensland, Australia

Solid state ¹³C NMR techniques of cross polarization with magic-angle spinning, and interrupted decoupling have been employed to examine the nature of the organic matter in eight kerogen concentrates representing five Tertiary deposits in Queensland, Australia. The NMR results show that five of the kerogens have high proportions of aliphatic carbon in their organic matter and correspond to Type I–II algal kerogens. Three of the kerogens, derived from carbonaceous shales, have a high proportion of aromatic carbon in their organic matter and correspond to Type III kerogens. The fractions of aliphatic carbon in all the kerogens, regardless of type, are shown to correlate with the conversion characteristics of the corresponding raw shales during Fischer assay. Interrupted decoupling NMR results show the presence of more oxygen-substituted carbon in the carbonaceous shales, which may account for the greater CO₂ evolution and phenolic materials found in the pyrolysis products of the carbonaceous shales.     

Structural study of a semiductile strike-slip system in the Central Iberian Zone (Variscan Fold Belt,Spain): structural controls on gold deposits

The Villalcampo shear system is a regional dextral strike-slip fault zone that affects Late Variscan granites and their metamorphic country rocks over an area of about 150 km². The detailed geometry of this subvertical north-west—south-east shear zone is outlined. The system forms an extensional fan to the northwest and extends to the south-east as a broad extensional duplex. Particular attention is focused on the distribution of fault rocks and associated veins in its north-west splay. A structural study of the shear bands (encompassing both geometric and kinematic criteria) and a microscopic study of the fault rocks has led to the interpretation of the system as a brittle—ductile shear zone. Calculations give a shear strain value of = 1.5 and a minimum displacement of s = 3700 m. The localization of gold mineralization in mylonite-filled subvertical extensional veins is a product of the formation of the Villalcampo shear system. The subvertical faults and veins underwent a process of cyclical sealing and reopening. As such they acted as valves controlled by fluid pressure regulating fluid—rock interactions and gold deposition. Conditions favouring these processes occur near the base of the seismogenic zone in the vicinity of the frictional—quasi-plastic transition at mid-greenschist metamorphic conditions (T = 350°C and 10–15 km depth).     

Estimation of undiscovered deposits in quantitative mineral resource assessments—examples from Venezuela and Puerto Rico

Quantitative mineral resource assessments used by the United States Geological Survey are based on deposit models. These assessments consist of three parts: (1) selecting appropriate deposit models and delineating on maps areas permissive for each type of deposit; (2) constructing a grade-tonnage model for each deposit model; and (3) estimating the number of undiscovered deposits of each type. In this article, I focus on the estimation of undiscovered deposits using two methods: the deposit density method and the target counting method.In the deposit density method, estimates are made by analogy with well-explored areas that are geologically similar to the study area and that contain a known density of deposits per unit area. The deposit density method is useful for regions where there is little or no data. This method was used to estimate undiscovered low-sulfide gold-quartz vein deposits in Venezuela.Estimates can also be made by counting targets such as mineral occurrences, geophysical or geochemical anomalies, or exploration plays and by assigning to each target a probability that it represents an undiscovered deposit that is a member of the grade-tonnage distribution. This method is useful in areas where detailed geological, geophysical, geochemical, and mineral occurrence data exist. Using this method, porphyry copper-gold deposits were estimated in Puerto Rico.     

扬子西缘东吴伸展运动

扬子西缘二叠系中震积岩十分发育,笔者根据震积岩、震积－伸展不整合的存在,厘定了它的时代,确认了东吴运动的存在。指出它是该区晚古生代以来最重要的一次伸展构造事件,多旋回震积岩、化石有序混积与水下边界正断层的多次活动有关。在木里地区,从东吴运动开始,地震、伸展－裂陷。火山活动持续到三叠纪,形成裂陷槽（晚二叠世－早三叠世达到高峰）。在这里,东吴运动实际是裂陷造槽运动。     

表生钾锰矿物~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学及其古气候意义

红土型风化壳和次生锰矿床形成于温暖和潮湿的古气候条件 ,其中含有丰富的表生钾锰矿物。因此 ,对表生钾锰矿物进行精确的40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ,不仅能查明大陆化学风化和矿床次生富集的时间和过程 ,而且可以为区域古气候的反演提供重要的年代学资料。透射电子显微镜、热重分析、离子交换实验和40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素分析表明 ,层状结构的黑锌锰矿、锂锰矿和钠水锰矿以及具有 1× 1隧道结构的软锰矿不适合于40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ;而隐钾锰矿、锰钡矿和锰铅矿因具有致密和稳定的 2× 2隧道结构及很强的保存K Ar体系的能力 ,是40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素定年的理想对象。硬锰矿和钙锰矿分别具有 2× 3和 3× 3隧道结构 ,由于隧道孔径过大 ,晶体结构的稳定性较差 ,其作为40Ar/ 3 9Ar测年的适用性有待于进一步证实。采用精细的激光阶段加热技术 ,可以有效克服表生钾锰矿物40 Ar/ 3 9Ar测年过程中3 9ArK 的反冲损失、多世代表生钾锰矿物的共生 ,以及表生钾锰矿物中原生矿物的污染和过量大气氩的存在等问题 ,并获得有意义的风化年龄。已有数据表明 ,表生钾锰矿物的形成主要集中在白垩纪末期、始新世末期—渐新世早期、中新世和上新世中期等 4个时期 ,可能记录了地史时期周期性的化学风化及气候的交替演变     

Geochemistry of the Yutangba Se Deposit in Western Hubei, China

1IntroductionThecontentsofSeinthecrustareextremelylow ,onlyabout0 .0 5mg/kg .Innatureitishardtoformindependentminerals,insteaditisdispersedinothermineralsandmedia.Althoughitscon tentsarefarhigherthanthoseofTeinthecrust,seleniumisusuallydispersedinsulfidesinitsas cendingandformingprocesses (D’yachkovaandKhodakovskiy ,1 968) .Thisisthereasonwhyse leniummineralsarefarlessthantelluriummineralsandsulfidesinnature (Simonetal.,1 997) .Forthisreason ,thegeochemicalstudyofseleniumdidnotattractanyat…     

巴西Paraná和Bahia地区滑石矿床的地质特征与成因模式

本文总结了巴西两个最重要的滑石产地,Parana和Bahia区中滑石矿床的地质特征,并探讨了这些矿床的可能成因。巴西的滑石在世界滑石储量与产量中占有十分重要的地位。巴西Parana和Bahia区的滑石矿主要产于前寒武纪地体中。尽管该区的滑石具有不同的地质产状,与变质火山岩和变质沉积岩共生的滑石最为重要。其他类型的滑石,如与镁铁质-超镁铁质岩共生的、在花岗岩与白云质大理岩接触带的、在花岗岩体中呈包体或顶垂体状的、则相对不重要。在巴西与岩浆活动有关的滑石矿化主要发生在前寒武纪(Bahia区)和白垩纪(Parana区)。滑石的成因模式主要有两类:一为与岩浆热液有关的热液交代成矿模式,另一是起源于盆地热卤水的变质流体交代成矿模式。其中后一种成因模式可用来解释巴西的大多数大型滑石矿床,同时也适用于其他地区,如中国辽宁和乌拉尔南部的滑石成矿。