Experimental investigation of thermal maturation on shale reservoir properties from hydrous pyrolysis of Chang 7 shale,Ordos Basin

Thermal maturity has a significant impact on hydrocarbon generation and the storage capacity within shales, but explicit and quantitative characterization of that impact on continental shales is scarce. To better understand how thermal maturation affects the organic and inorganic changes of the continental shale reservoirs, hydrous pyrolysis was performed to simulate the maturation process. TOC, Rock-Eval and adsorption isotherms tests were used to obtain various geochemical parameters of the shale solid residues. The results indicate that with pyrolysis temperature increasing from ambient temperature to 550 °C, the vitrinite reflectance increases from 0.5% to 2.5% Ro and the TOC (total organic carbon) loss weight reaches 25%. Regarding porosity, the fraction of micro-to meso-pores in the shale increases with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature, whereas the macro-pores do not change significantly. The total amount of gas adsorption does not necessarily increase as the TOC is consumed, but the gas adsorption capacity per unit of TOC increases with increasing thermal maturity. Our finding provides theoretical modelling for identifying shale gas development prospective zones according to thermal maturity mapping and for predicting quantitatively the geochemical and inorganic changes that occur with thermal evolution.     

Ab initio 2-D periodic Hartree–Fock study of Fe-substituted lizardite 1T– a simplified cronstedtite model

 A 2-D periodic ab initio Hartree–Fock LCAO study was performed on Fe-substituted 1:1 sheet silicate, lizardite. The atomic orbitals were described by large-core pseudopotentials (Fe atoms) and a sp basis set (the other atoms). Calculated atomic charges and the results of bond population analysis indicate that the Fe-O bond was as ionic as the Mg-O. This hypothesis was supported by calculated density of states and electron density maps. Increasing Fe for Mg substitution changed the shape of projected density of states (PDOS) of O(p) orbitals. Received: 27 January 2000 / Accepted: 21 May 2000     

Viscosity measurements of hydrous rhyolitic melts using the fiber elongation method

We have devised a new, simple and easy technique to measure the viscosity of hydrous silicate melts by combining an autoclave for melt hydration and the fiber elongation method for viscosity measurement. Using this, we measured the viscosity of hydrous rhyolitic melts whose water content ranges from 0.02 to 0.58 wt%. We observed a drastic decrease in viscosity against water content: 0.1 wt% water decreases the viscosity about an order of magnitude. Even when the water content is only 0.02 wt%, the viscosity decreased about half an order of magnitude. These results clearly demonstrate that the effect of water on viscosity should not be ignored even when it occurs as a trace constituent. We compared our experimental data with those derived from a non-Arrhenian viscosity model, which is considered to be applicable to calc-alkaline samples. This model succeeded in expressing the viscosity variation against water content but was unable to accurately predict the measured viscosity of liquids.Editorial responsibility: D. Dingwell     

Application of the geographical information systems approach to watershed mass balance studies

This study was undertaken to test the utility of a geographical information systems (GIS) approach to problems of watershed mass balance. This approach proved most useful in exploring the effects that watershed scale, lithology and land use have on chemical weathering rates, and in assessing whether mass balance calculations could be applied to large multilithological watersheds. Water quality data from 52 stations were retrieved from STORET and a complete GIS database consisting of the watershed divide, lithology and land use was compiled for each station. Water quality data were also obtained from 7 experimental watersheds to develop a methodology to estimate annual fluxes from incomplete data sets. The methodology consists of preparing a composite of daily flux data, calculating a best fit sinusoid and integrating the equation to obtain an annual flux. Comparison with annual fluxes calculated from high resolution data sets suggests that this method predicts fluxes within about 10% of the true annual flux. Annual magnesium fluxes (moles km⁻² yr⁻¹) were calculated for all stations and adjusted for fluxes from atmospheric deposition. Magnesium flux was found to be a strong function of the amount of carbonate in the watershed, and silica fluxes were found to increase with the fraction of sandstone present in the watershed. All fluxes were strongly influenced by mining practices, with magnesium fluxes from affected watersheds being 6–10 times higher than fluxes from comparable pristine watersheds. Mining practices enhance chemical weathering by increasing the surface area of unweathered rock to which water has access and by increasing acidity and rate of mineral weathering. Fluxes were also found to increase with watershed size. This scale dependence is most likely caused by the sensitivity of weathering fluxes to even minor quantities of carbonates, which are likely to be found in all lithologies at larger scales. Mass balances were carried out in watersheds where gauged sub-watersheds made up more than 95% of the area. The calculations show large magnesium flux and water balance discrepancies. These errors may be a result of significant groundwater inputs to streams between gauges. The results suggest that improvements in how we measure discharge and estimate fluxes may be required before we can apply mass balance techniques to larger scales. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the OH stretch envelope shape and temperature effects in infrared spectra of hydrous silica and silicate glasses

Simple model calculations show that the reversible temperature effects reported for broad OH-stretching bands in infrared spectra of silica, aluminosilicate, and similar glasses can be explained, in essentials, by homogeneous thermal broadening of the ν(OH) envelope constituents and a decrease in intensity with increasing temperature taking place uniformly across the band. This means that these effects are reasonably consistent with the temperature behaviour of narrow ν(OH) bands of crystalline OH-bearing minerals. These findings leave little room for the previously agreed interpretation in terms of a change in hydrogen-bonding strength, although the dependence of integrated intensity on temperature still remains to be understood. Received: 16 April 1999 / Accepted: 4 April 2000     

无机改性膨润土防渗层性能研究

通过实验室实验确定2mol/L氯化镁、0.5mol/L硫酸和450℃高温为天然钠基膨润土盐改性、酸改性和高温改性的最佳条件。采用上述3种无机改性方式填装防渗层,就其对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。实验结果显示:3种无机改性膨润土的吸附能力和容量有所提高;渗透系数可达到1×10-7cm/s以下,可以作为"反应型"防渗层材料;在相同渗透量下,高温改性膨润土对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物的去除效果最好,其次是酸改性膨润土,盐改性膨润土最差。     

Raman spectroscopic study of hydrous wadsleyite (β-Mg2SiO4) to 50 GPa

 Raman spectra of hydrous β-Mg₂SiO₄ (1.65 wt% H₂O) have been measured in a diamond-anvil cell with helium as a pressure-transmitting medium at room temperature to 50 GPa. We observe three OH-stretching modes, a doublet with components at 3329 and 3373 cm⁻¹, which decrease linearly with pressure, and a single mode at 3586 cm⁻¹, which remains nearly constant up to 24 GPa before decreasing at higher pressures. Assessment of the mode frequencies and their pressure dependence, together with previous results from X-ray and IR data, are consistent with protonation of the O1 site in agreement with previous studies. Strict assignment of Raman activity awaits detailed structural models. The nature of the protonation in wadsleyite may require more specific experimental probes for full solution of the hydrogen-site problem. Received: 18 July 2000 / Accepted: 22 November 2000     

宝玉石的找矿标志

本文主要探讨宝石的找矿标志。包括在超基性岩、辉长岩—斜长岩中含虹彩长石、喷发岩、花岗伟晶岩中的宝石,还有变花岗岩云英岩中含海蓝宝石,镁矽卡岩中含尖晶石、红宝石、蓝宝石和青金石,风化壳中的宝石,砂矿中的宝石等。     

利用菱镁矿尾矿制备纳米级片状氢氧化镁

为了对菱镁矿尾矿进行综合回收利用,文中对利用菱镁矿尾矿制备纳米级片状氢氧化镁工艺进行了研究。通过对菱镁矿尾矿的煅烧、与硫酸反应制备硫酸镁以及纳米氢氧化镁的制备工艺和性能表征,成功制备了原始粒径为纳米级、颗粒呈片状的氢氧化镁粉体。利用轻烧镁粉制备硫酸镁溶液的工艺是将轻烧镁粉与水配制成浆料,然后与酸进行反应。反应后控制体系的pH值在5~6,然后进行过滤。制备氢氧化镁的工艺条件为:Mg2+初始浓度为22.75g/L,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为5min,原位表面改性剂为钛酸酯偶联剂YB-502,用量为氢氧化镁质量的1.5%。制得的氢氧化镁结晶情况良好,为片状纳米粉体,其片径100nm左右,片厚10nm左右。氢氧化镁的二次颗粒粒径为d50=0.95μm,d97=3.53μm。     

Intercalation Assembly and Chemical Product Engineering of Layered Intercalated Functional Materials Based on Efficient Utilization of Magnesium Resources in Salt Lakes

正1 Introduction Magnesium salts are very important by-product of salt lake industry in West China.Nearly 200 million cubic meters of waste brine are released to the environment