高纯氢氧化镁及其水热处理技术评述

比较分析了高纯氢氧化镁制备的方法,水热改性对其组织结构的影响及产品的应用及市场前景。     

Spectral discrimination of hydrothermally altered materials using ASTER short-wave infrared bands: Evaluation in a tropical savannah environment

ASTER short-wave infrared bands were used to investigate the spectral discrimination of hydrothermally altered materials, based on the presence of minerals with diagnostic spectral features in wavelengths around 2200 nm (e.g. kaolinite and K-micas). Due to the presence of widespread albitized-greisenized materials, the Serra do Mendes granitoid, located in area of tropical savannah environment in Central Brazil, was selected for this study. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) technique was used as an attempt to detect the presence of hydroxyl-bearing minerals in the domain of the hydrothermally altered materials. Results indicated that areas of altered materials were discriminated from the surrounding mainly due to the high overall reflectance of the whitish lithosols in these areas. The detection of hydroxyl-bearing minerals was blurred by the presence of a sparse grass cover in the alteration zone, which caused a slight increase in the SAM classification angles. As a consequence, the remote detection of hydroxyl-bearing minerals was restricted to a small number of pixels from barren areas. Results indicate that, for the environmental conditions of the study area, ASTER data are more efficacious for spectral characterization of rock–soil-vegetation associations than for the detection of alteration-derived minerals.     

Geochemistry of the volcano-hydrothermal system of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico

 The 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano ejected more than 1 km³ of anhydrite-bearing trachyandesite pyroclastic material to form a new 1-km-wide and 300-m-deep crater and uncovered the upper 500 m of an active volcano-hydrothermal system. Instead of the weak boiling-point temperature fumaroles of the former lava dome, a vigorously boiling crater spring now discharges  / 20 kg/s of Cl-rich (∼15 000 mg/kg) and sulphur-poor ( / 200 mg/kg of SO₄), almost neutral (pH up to 6.7) water with an isotopic composition close to that of subduction-type magmatic water (δD=–15‰, δ¹⁸O=+6.5‰). This spring, as well as numerous Cl-free boiling springs discharging a mixture of meteoric water with fumarolic condensates, feed the crater lake, which, compared with values in 1983, is now much more diluted (∼3000 mg/kg of Cl vs 24 030 mg/kg), less acidic (pH=2.6 vs 0.56) and contains much lower amounts of S ( / 200 mg/kg of SO₄, vs 3550 mg/kg) with δ³⁴S=0.5–4.2‰ (+17‰ in 1983). Agua Caliente thermal waters, on the southeast slope of the volcano, have an outflow rate of approximately 100 kg/s of 71  °C Na–Ca–Cl water and are five times more concentrated than before the eruption (B. R. Molina, unpublished data). Relative N₂, Ar and He gas concentrations suggest extensional tectonics for the El Chichón volcanic centre. The ³He/⁴He and ⁴He/²⁰Ne ratios in gases from the crater fumaroles (7.3R_a, 2560) and Agua Caliente hot springs (5.3R_a, 44) indicate a strong magmatic contribution. However, relative concentrations of reactive species are typical of equilibrium in a two-phase boiling aquifer. Sulphur and C isotopic data indicate highly reducing conditions within the system, probably associated with the presence of buried vegetation resulting from the 1982 eruption. All Cl-rich waters at El Chichón have a common source. This water has the appearence of a "partially matured" magmatic fluid: condensed magmatic vapour neutralized by interaction with fresh volcaniclastic deposits and depleted in S due to anhydrite precipitation. Shallow ground waters emerging around the volcano from the thick cover of fresh pumice deposits (Red waters) are Ca–SO₄–rich and have a negative oxygen isotopic shift, probably due to ongoing formation of clay at low temperatures. Received: 21 July 1997 / Accepted: 4 December 1997     

石膏对白云岩溶解影响的实验模拟研究

表生到埋藏成岩作用的温度与压力（４０-１３０℃、常压－３０ＭＰａ）条件下，含膏与不含膏白云岩的溶解实验证明:在表生与相对浅埋藏的温压条件（低于７５℃，２０ＭＰａ）下，石膏（或硬石膏）的存在可不同程度地加速白云岩的溶解，随着实验温度和压力的升高，石膏（或硬石膏）对白云岩溶解的这种积极作用逐渐降低。在相对深埋藏的温压条件（高于７５℃、２０ＭＰａ）下，石膏（或硬石膏）的存在显著阻止白云岩的溶解，随着实验温度和压力的继续升高，石膏（或硬石膏）对白云岩溶解的这种消极作用也逐渐增加。从实验的这种结果可以预测，在近地表条件下和埋藏成岩作用的早期阶段，由溶解作用造成的含膏白云岩地层的次生孔隙将比不含膏的白云岩地层更为发育，因而在经历了古风化作用的地层中，含膏白云岩层更易形成良好的储层；与之相反，在相对高温高压的深埋藏成岩阶段，不含膏的白云岩地层中将更容易因酸性水的溶解作用而形成次生孔隙。因而在非蒸发沉积环境中形成的白云岩体（如正常海沉积环境的灰岩中的白云岩透镜体）更易因深埋藏溶蚀作用而形成良好的储层。     

Hydrothermal alteration associated with rift zones at Fangataufa atoll (French Polynesia)

 The Mururoa and Fangataufa atoll basement consists of superimposed submarine and subaerial lava flows which have been intruded by late volcanics. The intrusions have developed large hydrothermal alteration haloes throughout the basaltic wall rock. The cuttings of the Natice-1 and Mitre-1 holes, drilled into the submarine volcanic pile at Fangataufa atoll, show a vertical zonation of clay minerals ranging from 270 to 850 m depth. The newly formed clay minerals occurring from top to bottom of the altered pile are: dioctahedral aluminous smectites, saponite, an intimate assemblage of saponite with two random chlorite/saponite mixed layers and an intimate assemblage of one random chlorite/saponite mixed-layer with one ordered chlorite/saponite mixed layer and one chlorite below 816 m depth. These clay mineral assemblages indicate a general increase in the chloritic component with depth. They are associated throughout the pile with secondary carbonates and quartz. The ∂¹⁸O and ∂¹³C of calcite and ∂¹⁸O of clay minerals, on the one hand, and the intimate mixtures of trioctahedral species, on the other, suggest a general cooling with the evolution of a paleogeothermal gradient from approximately 300  °C/km during the crystallization of chlorite to 150  °C/km for the late calcite precipitation. Received: 2 October 1995 / Accepted: 14 January 1997     

Offset caldera and crater collapse on Juan de Fuca ridge-flank volcanoes

 Forty-three volcanoes located along the flanks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge were selected to study relationships between their morphologies and off-axis magmatic processes. The volcanoes occur both in chains consisting of up to seven distinct cones and isolated edifices. Nearly all of the volcanoes are circular, truncated cones with steep flanks and large, relatively flat summit plateaus. In addition, most of these volcanoes also have prominent and distinctly offset calderas or craters. The most striking characteristic of the volcanoes' morphology is that nearly all of their collapse structures are located on the sides of the volcanoes which face the Juan de Fuca Ridge and many are breached with openings toward the ridge. A simple model based on these observations accounts for these ridge-facing features. As plate motion transports a volcano away from its magma source beneath the lithosphere, the volcano's magma supply conduits tend to lag behind. Eventually these conduits are abandoned and ridgeward collapse structures are formed. It can be inferred from the model that, on average, individual volcanoes were active for approximately 50 000 years and that most eruptions took place early in this interval. If most of the cone-building eruptions occurred during the first thousand years or so, associated hydrothermal activity may have temporarily rivaled the present-day yearly time-averaged hydrothermal output along the entire Juan de Fuca ridge axis. Received: 1 September 1996 / Accepted: 13 January 1997     

Manganese-rich rock coatings from Iceland

Manganese-rich rock coatings are widespread in Iceland, especially in fractures in basalt lavas. Three common types of coating are described. A thick subsurface coating is found on whaleback forms on high plateaux. The most common type is thinner and occurs in hydrothermal clay-filled fracture systems which are especially well developed in tholeiite lavas. A third type occurs in younger rocks and is associated with tephra-rich, loessic sediment which fills open fractures and vesicles. There are differences in the chemistry, morphology, and mineralogy of these coatings which are interpreted as being due to the different microenvironments in which they form. The fracture microenvironment is regarded as being of much more importance to coating thickness and chemistry than simple age and in this respect the hydrothermal clays seem to favour rapid manganese concentration. On the other hand, there are variations in coating type, both laterally and vertically through the lava succession, which are related to regional distribution of hydrothermal alteration and rock type. The regional patterns are the result of Iceland's lateral drift and as a result there is an incidental connection between coating type and rock age. There is some evidence to suggest that the manganese coatings may be both forming and being degraded rapidly in the present environment.     

铜陵-安庆地区若干热液矿床成矿流体研究

文章在研究铜陵狮子山燕山期岩浆热液叠加矿床成矿流体的基础上，对比铜陵-安庆地区燕山期其他类型矿床的成矿流体，系统探讨了该区燕山期热液矿床成矿流体体系，从夕卡岩型、斑岩型、高温热液型至低温脉型矿床成矿流体的演化规律。认为成矿流体温度、盐度逐渐降低，流体来源从单纯的岩浆来源变为岩浆与雨水的混合来源，成矿流体沸腾作用随之减弱。这些典型矿床基本代表了铜陵-安庆地区燕山期热液成矿体系。     

层控夕卡岩及有关矿床形成过程的稀土元素行为——以安徽冬瓜山矿床为例

对安徽省冬瓜山层控夕卡岩型铜（金）矿床中穿层方向上不同蚀变程度的大理岩，顺层方向上距岩体远近不同但垂向深度的块状石榴子石夕卡岩及其主矿物石榴子石，不同演化阶段的石英及矿石等到的REE特征进行了系统研究，结果显示，在穿层方向上，大理岩被交代的程度愈深其稀土总量（∑REE）愈高，Eu负异常愈显著，尽管，夕卡岩全岩的RE分布模式与原岩（大理岩）相似，但前者的稀土总量（∑REE）远高于后者，且Eu异常更为显著，显然不是继续承原岩的REE特征所致，而是受控于其主矿物石榴子石的REE特征，后者又由参与交代作用的岩浆热液REE所决定，热液中的REE具有缓和右倾型分布模式，LREE富集，较显著的Eu负异常等基本特征，石榴子石晶体基本承袭了热液的REE特征，REE的空间变化特征结果地层的构造特征可以揭示夕卡岩及相关矿体形成过程中流体的输运径及输运方式，REE的研究有助于深化对层控夕卡岩及其相关矿床形成过程的认识。     

Genesis and evolution of gypsum tumuli

Tumuli are hollow subcircular domes of the most superficial stratum of gypsum, principally found in outcrops of macrocrystalline gypsum. They vary from a few centimetres to several metres in diameter and reach maximum heights of a little more than 1 m. The relationships between the morphostatistical parameters that define these formations are: h = r/3 and e = r/9, where h is the elevation of the raised layer, e its thickness and r the mean radius. Their genesis has caused some controversy over the involvement of phenomena such as hydration of anhydrite, or tectonic processes capable of explaining this folding. This paper shows their genesis linked to the dissolution of macrocrystalline gypsum and reprecipitation of microcrystalline gypsum within the same gypsiferous layer. It has been calculated that to reach the theoretical saturation within the few centimetres' thickness of the cap of the tumulus, water infiltration velocities are required of between 0·002 cm s⁻¹ for an uplifted stratum of 2 cm thickness, and 0·03 cm s⁻¹ for 30 cm thickness. These velocities imply the existence of very slow rates of infiltration and/or capillary movement of water within the gypsiferous layer. The secondary microcrystalline gypsum is precipitated in the intercrystalline and intracrystalline voids of the gypsum crystals, producing an increase in porosity and associated volume that causes the doming of the gypsiferous layer. The development of tumuli is a cyclic process which is favoured by a sequence of short wet and dry intervals which, in turn, facilitate the almost simultaneous processes of dissolution and precipitation. These conditions predominate in arid and semiarid climates where intense evaporation can occur suddenly following sporadic infiltration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.