Geology and wall rock alteration at the Hercynian Draa Sfar Zn–Pb–Cu massive sulphide deposit, Morocco

Draa Sfar is a siliciclastic–felsic, volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) Zn–Pb–Cu deposit located 15 km north of Marrakesh within the Jebilet massif of the western Moroccan Meseta. The Draa Sfar deposit occurs within the Sarhlef series, a volcano-sedimentary succession that hosts other massive sulphide deposits (e.g., Hajar, Kettara) within the dominantly siliciclastic sedimentary succession of the lower Central Jebilet. At Draa Sfar, the footwall lithofacies are dominated by grey to black argillite, carbonaceous argillite and intercalated siltstone with localized rhyodacitic flows and domes, associated in situ and transported autoclastic deposits, and lesser dykes of aphanitic basalt and gabbro. Thin- to thick-bedded, black carbonaceous argillite, minor intercalated siltstone, and a large gabbro sill dominate the hanging wall lithofacies. The main lithologies strike NNE–SSW, parallel to a pronounced S1 foliation, and have a low-grade, chlorite–muscovite–quartz–albite–oligoclase metamorphic assemblage. The Draa Sfar deposit consists of two stratabound sulphide orebodies, Tazakourt to the south and Sidi M'Barek to the north. Both orebodies are hosted by argillite in the upper part of the lower volcano-sedimentary unit. The Tazakourt and Sidi M'Barek orebodies are highly deformed, sheet-like bodies of massive pyrrhotite (up to 95% pyrrhotite) with lesser sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. The Draa Sfar deposit formed within a restricted, sediment-starved, fault-controlled, anoxic, volcano-sedimentary rift basin. The deposit formed at and below the seafloor within anoxic, pelagic muds.The argillaceous sedimentary rocks that surround the Draa Sfar orebodies are characterized by a pronounced zonation of alteration assemblages and geochemical patterns. In the more proximal volcanic area to the south, the abundance of medium to dark green chlorite progressively increases within the argillite toward the base of the Tazakourt orebody. Chlorite alteration is manifested by the replacement of feldspar and a decrease in muscovite abundance related to a net addition of Fe and Mg and a loss of K and Na. In the volcanically distal and northern Sidi M'Barek orebody alteration within the footwall argillite is characterized by a modal increase of sericite relative to chlorite. A calcite–quartz–muscovite assemblage and a pronounced decrease in chlorite characterize argillite within the immediate hanging wall to the entire Draa Sfar deposit. The sympathetic lateral change from predominantly sericite to chlorite alteration within the footwall argillite with increasing volcanic proximity suggests that the higher temperature part of the hydrothermal system is coincident with a volcanic vent defined by localized rhyodacitic flow/domes within the footwall succession.     

渤海湾盆地文安斜坡高温热流体活动与油气藏形成

为了研究渤海湾盆地上古生界(C-P)煤系地层油气藏形成和分布的规律，本文通过流体包裹体均一温度、盐度、成份的分析和有机质热演化、粘土矿物转化的研究，对渤海湾盆地文安斜坡苏桥凝析油气田高温热流体的活动和戍藏机理进行了探讨。文安斜坡的流体包裹体分为两期，第一期流体包裹体的盐度为2．2～3．85wt％NaCl，均一温度在91～157℃之间、代表了正常地温梯度和埋藏条件下的古地温；第二期流体包裹体的盐度为4．3～6、85wt％NaCl，均一温度在141～312℃之间．是地下高温热流体活动的结果。高温热流体是由第三纪时期辉绿岩侵入上古生界，引起地层水热对流形成的。高温热流体沿断层、不整合和储层构成的输导系统活动时，加速了粘土矿物的转化，提高了有机质的成熟度，扩大了生油窗的范围。而有机质在生烃过程中释放出的短链羧酸，溶蚀储层中的铝硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物，形成次生孔隙。统计表明、文安斜坡石炭-二叠系镜质组反射率R。％与第二期流体包裹体的均一温度戍正相关关系，R。％异常高值带对应着储层的异常高孔隙发育带。热流体的活动有利于油气的生成、储层次生孔隙的产生、富烃热流体的运移。并使其在第三纪二次生烃和成藏．热流体活动的地区就是油气聚集的有利地区。     

滇中鹅头厂铁矿地质及成因新知

鹅头厂铁矿是滇中元古宙铁铜矿床的典型矿床,认为该铁矿是一个复成因矿床,矿床主体（Ⅰ1矿体）为沉积-热液改造型,次要矿体（Ⅰ2矿体）是热液脉型铁矿床.     

Hydrothermally induced diagenesis: Evidence from shallow marine-deltaic sediments,Wilhelmøya,Svalbard

Sedimentary basins containing igneous intrusions within sedimentary reservoir units represent an important risk in petroleum exploration. The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments at Wilhelm?ya(Svalbard) contains reservoir heterogeneity as a result of sill emplacement and represent a unique case study to better understand the effect of magmatic intrusions on the general burial diagenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Sills develop contact metamorphic aureoles by conduction as presented in many earlier studies. However, there is significant impact of localized hydrothermal circulation systems affecting reservoir sediments at considerable distance from the sill intrusions. Dolerite sill intrusions in the studied area are of limited vertical extent(～12 m thick), but created localized hydrothermal convection cells affecting sediments at considerable distance(more than five times the thickness of the sill)from the intrusions. We present evidence that the sedimentary sequence can be divided into two units:(1) the bulk poorly lithified sediment with a maximum burial temperature much lower than 60-70 ℃,and(2) thinner intervals outside the contact zone that have experienced hydrothermal temperatures(around 140 ℃). The main diagenetic alteration associated with normal burial diagenesis is minor mechanical plastic deformation of ductile grains such as mica. Mineral grain contacts show no evidence of pressure dissolution and the vitrinite reflectance suggests a maximum temperature of ～40 ℃. Contrary to this, part of the sediment, preferentially along calcite cemented flow baffles, show evidence of hydrothermal alteration. These hydrothermally altered sediment sections are characterized by recrystallized carbonate cemented intervals. Further, the hydrothermal solutions have resulted in localized sericitization(illitization) of feldspars, albitization of both K-feldspar and plagioclase and the formation of fibrous illite nucleated on kaolinite. These observations suggest hydrothermal alteration at T 120-140 ℃ at distances considerably further away than expected from sill heat dissipation by conduction only, which commonly affect sediments about twice the thickness of the sill intrusion. We propose that carbonate-cemented sections acted as flow baffles already during the hydrothermal fluid mobility and controlled the migration pathways of the buoyant hot fluids. Significant hydrothermally induced diagenetic alterations affecting the porosity and hence reservoir quality was not noted in the noncarbonate-cemented reservoir intervals.     

松辽盆地晚中生代火山活动与天然气成藏

松辽盆地晚中生代主要发育了两期大规模的火山活动,形成了火石岭组和营城组火山岩地层。火山活动高峰期分别为150 Ma和110 Ma,其中以营城组火山活动规模较大,持续时间较长,对油气的生成与成藏影响最大。晚中生代火山活动贯穿了火石岭组和沙河子组气源岩的主生烃期,加速了有机质的成熟和演化。火山喷发早于火山岩气藏的主成藏期,为气藏的形成提供了优质的储层和运移通道,有利于气藏的保存。营城组火山岩储层裂缝中充填大量的方解石、石英或岩浆浆屑等后期热液流体,其中粗面岩裂缝中岩浆浆屑的K-Ar全岩年龄为72.98 Ma,该期热液活动对火山岩储层的后期改造、天然气的运移及CO_2气藏的形成等具有重要作用。