云南西畴县嘎机铅锌矿特征及找矿标志

云南西畴县嘎机铅锌矿处于都龙复式花岗岩基向北侧伏的地带,铅锌矿体主要呈似层状赋存于构造破碎带中,该铅锌矿具有层控-岩浆期后热液矿床的特征。中寒武统田蓬组(∈2t)碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩互层组合、背斜构造、隐伏花岗岩体脊状凸出部位、矽卡岩化围岩蚀变和物、化探异常等是本区的主要找矿标志。     

云南澜沧县南现铜铅矿特征及找矿标志

云南澜沧县南现铜铅矿矿体呈似层状、脉状主要赋存于断层破碎带中,矿体近矿围岩为中侏罗统花开左组(J2h)碎屑岩系。及其。矿床成因属断裂构造控制的热液型铜铅锌多金属矿床。具矿化蚀变的构造破碎带及地球化探异常高值区是重要的找矿标志。     

云南马关县李子坪锡矿床特征及找矿标志

云南马关县李子坪林场锡多金属矿处于都龙老君山复式花岗岩基西侧,该矿区有两种类型的锡矿,一是受断层构造控制的中-高温热液型矿床,二是受地形地貌控制,面状分布的残坡积矿床。断裂构造及硅化、黄铁矿化等围岩蚀变是重要的找矿标志。     

Using trace elements of magnetite to constrain the origin of the Pingchuan hydrothermal low-Ti magnetite deposit in the Panxi area,SW China

The Pingchuan iron deposit, located in the Yanyuan region of Sichuan Province, SW China, has an ore reserve of 40 Mt with ~60 wt% Fe. Its genesis is still poorly understood. The Pingchuan iron deposit has a paragenetic sequence of an early Fe-oxide–Pyrite stage(Ⅰ) and a late Fe-oxide–pyrrhotite stage(Ⅱ). Stage Ⅰ magnetite grains are generally fragmented, euhedral–subhedral, largesized crystals accompanying with slightly postdated pyrite.Stage Ⅱ magnetite grains are mostly unfragmented, anhedral, relatively small-sized grains that co-exist with pyrrhotite. Combined with micro-textural features and previously-obtained geochronological data, we consider that these two stages of iron mineralization in the Pingchuan deposit correspond to the Permian ELIP magmatism and Cenozoic fault activity event. Both the Stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ magnetites are characterized with overall lower contents of trace elements(including Cr, Ti, V, and Ni) than the ELIP magmatic magnetite, which suggests a hydrothermal origin for them. ‘‘Skarn-like' enrichment in Sn, Mn, and Zn in the Stage Ⅰ magnetite grains indicate significant material contributions from carbonate wall-rocks due to water–rock interaction in ore-forming processes. Stage Ⅱ magnetite grains contain higher Mn concentrations than Stage Ⅰ magnetite grains, which possibly implies more contribution from carbonate rocks. In multiple-element diagrams, the Stage Ⅰ magnetite shows systematic similarities to Kiruna-type magnetite rather than those from other types of deposits. Combined with geological features and previous studies on oxygen isotopes, we conclude that hydrothermal fluids have played a key role in the generation of the Pingchuan low-Ti iron deposit.     

Submarine Hydrothermal Mineralization on the Izu-Bonin Arc, South of Japan: An Overview

Considerable effort has been expended in studying the Izu-Bonin Arc over the past 15 years. In particular, 43 dives of the Shinkai 2000 have been undertaken there to discover and evaluate the extent of submarine hydrothermal activity and mineraliza tion. Most effort has been focused on Myojin Knoll (23 dives), Suiyo Seamount (6 dives), and Kaikata Caldera (10 dives). The Izu-Bonin Arc is divided in two by the Sofugan Tectonic Line. Eight submarine caldera are located north of this line but only one is south of it. The physiography of the northern sector of the arc is quite different from that of the southern sector. Volcanic rocks from the northern sector are more acidic than those from the southern sector. Evidence for submarine hydrothermal mineralization has been observed at four seamounts along the Izu-Bonin Arc (Myojin Knoll, Myojinsho, Suiyo Seamount, and Kaikata Caldera), and submarine hydrothermal activity is evident at another three seamounts along the arc (Kurose Hole, Mokuyo Seamount, and Doyo Seamount). The most extensive submarine hydrothermal mineral deposit so far located on the Izu-Bonin Arc is the Sunrise deposit at Myojin Knoll. This deposit, at least 400 m in diameter and 30 m high, is associated with black smoker venting, inactive sulfide chimneys, massive sulfides, hydrothermal Mn crusts, and a hydrothermal vent fauna. The maximum recorded temperature of the hydrothermal vents there was 278°C. Some of the sulfide chimneys contained as much as 49 μg / g Au and 3,400 μg / g Ag. The sunrise deposit is one of the largest submarine volcanic massive sulfide deposits so far discovered in midocean ridge, backarc, or arc settings and has an estimated mass of 9 x 10 6 t. This deposit may be of the Kuroko-type. The discovery of the Sunrise deposit in 1997 gives hope that other, similarly large, sulfide deposits may be found in other caldera along the Izu-Bonin Arc. The geological variability along the arc, the high seismicity, the occurrence of active volcanism and submarine hydrothermal venting, and a proven submarine hydrothermal mineral potential coupled with the proximity of the region to Japan suggest that the Izu-Bonin Arc could profitably serve as a natural laboratory for the long-term monitoring of the seafloor.     

冲绳海槽地热研究中若干问题的探讨

根据冲绳海槽地区实测海底热流资料,结合该地区最新的地质地球物理调查研究成果,分析了冲绳海槽地热研究中的几个问题,认为(1)相对于其它边缘海盆地,冲绳海槽是一个高热流异常区,同时具有热流值极不均匀的特点;(2)冲绳海槽的壳幔热流比值介于大陆地壳与大洋地壳之间,具有过渡性地壳的性质;(3)冲绳海槽强烈的岩浆作用是造成局部高热流的重要原因;(4)广泛分布的海底热液活动造成了局部热流值强烈的高低变化。     

秦岭凤太矿田金属成矿系列初探

以八卦庙金矿和八方山－ 二里河铅锌矿为例, 重点论述了凤太矿田金属矿床的主要特征, 并将其分为两个不同的成矿系列,即热水沉积型Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ （Ｃｕ） 成矿系列和热水沉积－岩浆热液叠加型金成矿系列。这两个成矿系列在成矿地质环境、含 （赋） 矿层特征、成矿物质来源、成矿作用方式等方面均有较大的差异。     

Geologic Control on Hydrothermal Activities in the Okinawa Trough

Revealing the controlling effect of geological structure on seafloor hydrothermal activities is of great significance in understanding the formation mechanism of hydrothermal system and searching for seafloor sulfide resources. This article summarized the topography and faults, crustal structure, gravity and magnetic field, heat flow and magmatism in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough, as well as the general characteristics of hydrothermal field distributions and hydrothermal products. By comparing the Okinawa Trough with the Manus Basin, Mariana Trough, North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin with different rock basements and extension stages, we generalized some specific geological characteristics of the Okinawa Trough, including the transitional crustal nature, low extension degree, high heat flow value, extremely thick sediments, and bimodal volcanism. The hydrothermal activities in the Okinawa Trough are controlled by fault structures, magmatism, and spreading rate, and at the same time, are affected by basement rock types and sediment covers. In the middle and southern parts of the trough, two group of faults that are parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the back-arc basin promote the fluid circulation, and large-scale magmatic activity provides sufficient heat for the hydrothermal system. In addition, the interaction of fluids with the widespread silicic volcanic rocks and thick sediments leads to the enrichment of organic matter, CO ₂, and metals such as Ag and Au in the hydrothermal products. According to the extension rate and geological features of the Okinawa Trough, we believe that the Okinawa Trough has potential to have new hydrothermal fields discovered and we speculate that new hydrothermal fields most possibly exist in the regions influenced by ridge subduction as well as the neo-volcanic zones closed to the island arc.     

地质冶金学及其在金和关键金属赋存状态研究中的新应用

地质冶金学(Geometallurgy)是一门交叉学科,将矿体的地质学、地球化学和矿物学特征与冶金性能联系起来,目标是描述和了解矿体的冶金性质的多样性,并建立三维地质冶金学模型,用于协助矿山开采计划和优化工艺设计流程等。金矿石依据选冶难度可以分为易选矿石和难选矿石,其中难选矿石的原因主要可以归结为金的包裹和脉石矿物影响两种因素。金的地质冶金学需要查清金的赋存状态,包括金矿物的种类与矿石难选冶的原因,从而为选矿提供指导。金的赋存形态包括显微金、亚显微金和表面金,研究金的赋存状态需要使用自动矿物分析系统等分析显微金矿物,并结合多种选矿试验来交叉验证,加上对载金矿物中亚显微金的分析,得到金的全部分布特征。不同成因类型的金矿床往往具有不同的地质冶金学特征,同时金的地质冶金学研究还可以对矿床的成因和演化过程提供依据。本文简要介绍了近年来典型的热液金矿床包括斑岩型、浅成低温热液型、铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)型、卡林型和矽卡岩型的地质冶金学的研究进展,以及应用于地质冶金学上的新方法如VNIR-SWIR高光谱技术、地球化学数据机器学习。关键金属具有含量低、矿物细小的研究难点,与金的地质冶金学研究具有诸多相似之处,因此本文提出将金的赋存状态研究的流程和新技术方法应用于关键金属矿床,并设计了关键金属赋存状态的研究流程和规范化表达,进一步延伸了地质冶金学的内涵和外延。     

Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints

 Volcanic lakes have a wide range of characteristics, and we make an attempt to delineate the limiting physical conditions for several lake classes. The ratio between heat input and heat dissipation capacity of a lake constrains the temperature for perfectly mixed steady-state volcanic lakes. Poorly mixed lakes are also conditioned by this ratio, but their temperature structure is also strongly influenced by the hydrodynamics resulting from different mechanisms of heat transfer. The steady-state temperatures of volcanic lakes are largely determined by the magnitude of the volcanic heat influx relative to the surface area of the lake. Small lakes have only a small capacity for heat dissipation and their temperature rises quickly with only small heat inputs; large lakes are buffered against variations in heat input. Both the heat dissipation and meteoric water input into a lake are functions of lake surface area and therefore each lake water temperature demands a certain precipitation rate for mass conservation, independent of lake size. The results of energy/mass-balance modeling shows that under common atmospheric conditions, most steady-state volcanic lakes are unlikely to maintain a temperature in excess of 45–50  °C. Validation of the volcanic lake model was performed using published data from Yugama Lake (Japan) and the Keli Mutu lakes (Indonesia). Also, the model was applied to 24 natural systems to provide a baseline assessment of energy fluxes under the model assumptions so future work on those systems can identify nuances in individual systems that deviate from the simple model conditions. We recommend the model for use in assessing temperature variations and volcanic lake stability in settings with known physical and atmospheric conditions. Application of the energy/mass balance calculations of model lakes provides a genetic classification scheme largely based on physical process parameters. Received: 28 February 1996 / Accepted: 23 November 1996