热液体系氩同位素示踪研究

 采用分阶段加热爆裂法测定了不同成因热液矿床脉石英流体包裹体的氩同位素,计算出各温度段内大气氩的相对含量,从而,总结出大气降水热液矿床、再平衡岩浆水热液矿床等成矿流体的氩同位素组成特征及其演化规律。典型的大气降水热液矿床,其成矿流体以具有高大气Ar组分(约95%-100%)为特征;再平衡岩浆水热液矿床成矿流体的Ar同位素组成特征取决于与其有成因关系的初始岩浆水的Ar同位素组成及矿源层和围岩的性质,产于古老变质岩中的,一般以具有低大气Ar组分(约6%-20%)为特征,其它的再平衡岩浆水热液矿床在主成矿温度范围内一般为50%-60%左右。     

岩浆-热液系统中铁的富集机制探讨

与岩浆-热液系统有关的铁矿类型有岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床、玢岩铁矿、矽卡岩型铁矿和海相火山岩型铁矿,与这些铁矿有关的岩浆岩从基性-超基性、中性到中酸性岩均有,其中岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床与基性-超基性深成侵入岩有关,形成于岩浆阶段,主要与分离结晶作用有关,但是厚大的富铁矿石的形成则可归结于原始的富铁钛苦橄质岩浆、分离结晶作用、多期次的岩浆补充以及流动分异等联合过程。钒钛磁铁矿石产于岩体下部还是上部与母岩浆的氧逸度有关:高的氧逸度导致磁铁矿早期结晶而使得其堆积于岩体的下部,相反,低氧逸度则导致低品位的浸染状矿石产于岩体的上部。虽然野外一些证据表明,元古宙斜长岩中的磷铁矿石可能是不混溶作用形成的,但是目前尚无实验证据。某些玢岩铁矿的一些磷灰石-磁铁矿石可能与闪长质岩浆同化混染了地壳中的磷导致的不混溶作用有关。除此之外,其他各类与岩浆作用有关的铁矿床均与岩浆后期的岩浆-热液作用有关。这些不同类型铁矿床的蚀变和矿化过程具有相似性,反映了它们形成过程具有相似的物理化学条件。成矿实验以及流体包裹体研究表明,岩浆-流体转换过程中出溶流体的数量以及成分受多种因素控制,其中岩浆分离结晶作用以及碳酸盐地层和膏盐层的混染可导致出溶的流体中Cl浓度的升高。早期高氧逸度环境可以使得硫以SO42-形式存在,抑制硫与铁的结合形成黄铁矿,有利于铁在早期以Cl的络合物发生迁移。大型富铁矿的形成需要一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统,而岩浆的多期侵位或岩浆房以及在相对封闭的环境中(需要一个不透水层)一个有利于流体循环的断裂/裂隙系统是形成一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统的必要条件。但是由于不同地质环境,流体中铁的卸载方式和位置会有明显差别,由此导致不同的矿石结构构造和不同的矿体产状。     

陆相火山-侵入岩有关的铁多金属矿成矿作用及矿床模型——以长江中下游为例

在长江中下游地区,与白垩纪陆相火山-侵入岩有关的铁多金属矿床在空间上绝大多数发育于白垩纪火山盆地,仅程潮和金山店出现于隆起区;成矿时间上分为两个时代,即133~130Ma和127~125Ma。按照成矿物质来源和成矿过程,鉴别出4个成矿系统:即在隆起区与石英闪长岩有关的矽卡岩铁矿(系统1);在火山盆地内,与大王山(或砖桥)旋回火山-次火山活动有关的铁多金属矿床(包括,磷灰石-磁铁矿型铁矿、类矽卡岩型铁矿、矿浆型铁矿、热液型硫铜金矿、热液型铅锌矿)(系统2)和与二长-正长岩有关的矽卡岩型铁矿(系统3);与娘娘山(或浮山)旋回火山-次火山活动有关的铜(金)矿和金铀矿(系统4)。盆地内和隆起区的矽卡岩型铁矿形成时间基本一致,略晚于与辉石闪长玢岩有关的铁多金属矿床(系统2), 但早于铜金铀为主的成矿系统4。前人以系统2中的磷灰石-磁铁矿型铁矿、类矽卡岩型铁矿和矿浆型铁矿为主,结合其他一些少见或不具工业意义的铁矿类型,提出一个具有广泛影响的玢岩铁矿成矿模式。此文以玢岩铁矿成矿模式为基础,结合4个成矿系统的基本特点,提出了白垩纪陆相火山-侵入岩有关的铁多金属矿床模型。以上这些具有成因联系的矿床系统和类型及其分带互为找矿标志。     

云南景谷岔河铜矿控矿因素

芒亨河断裂的次级断裂是主要控矿构造,含矿围岩为上三叠统小定西组(T3xd)富钠质安山岩、玄武岩。受构造、层位、碎屑粒度的制约。     

云南盈江老山寨铅锌矿矿床成因

铅锌矿赋存于关上组,含矿岩性为变质角岩化泥晶灰岩。北东向次级构造控矿,赋矿层位稳定,找矿标志明显,属地层、构造控制及热液叠加层控矿床。     

纳米及微米级六角片状氢氧化镁的制备

以氯化钠为底料,水氯镁石和氢氧化钠为原料,不添加任何添加剂,采用双柱沉淀—水热法制备粒度分布均匀、分散性良好的氢氧化镁。研究了进料速度、2N_(Mg)/N_(Na)、物料浓度、水热温度、水热时间等因素对氢氧化镁粒径、形貌、过滤性能的影响。通过粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、低真空扫描电子显微镜对产品的粒度分布、结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,本研究得到的样品分散性好,粒度分布均匀,形貌为规则的六角片状,粒径为400~600 nm的纳米级氢氧化镁或者1~2μm的微米级氢氧化镁。     

Geochemical behavior of rare earth elements in hydrothermally altered rocks of the Kuroko mining area,Japan

In this study we analyzed the chemical composition of hydrothermally altered dacite and basalt from the Kuroko mining area, northeastern Honshu, Japan, by REE (rare earth element). Features of rare earth element analyses include: (1) altered footwall dacite exhibits a negative Eu anomaly compared with fresh dacite, suggesting preferential removal of Eu²⁺ from the altered dacite via hydrothermal solutions, (2) altered hangingwall dacite and basalt and dacite and basalt adjacent to ore deposits exhibit positive Eu anomalies compared with fresh dacite and basalt, suggesting addition of Eu²⁺ from hydrothermal solutions, (3) LREE ratio (∑LREE/∑REE) from altered dacite of chlorite–sericite zone and K-feldspar zone show a negative relationship with δ¹⁸O, and La/Sm ratios show a positive correlation with the K₂O index. These trends indicate the addition of light rare earth elements such as La to the altered dacite from hydrothermal solution and/or leaching of heavy rare earth elements such as Sm and Yb, (4) Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that light rare earth elements enrichment is related to the formation of sericite zone near the Kuroko deposits but not to the formations of chlorite and K-feldspar zones, and (5) The correlations among REE features (LREE ratio, MREE ratio, HREE ratio, Eu/Eu?), δ¹⁸O and K₂O index are not found for montmorillonite zone, mixed layer clay mineral zone and mordenite zone. Therefore, it is inferred that sericite, chlorite and K-feldspar alterations are related to the Kuroko and vein-type mineralization, but montmorillonite and mordenite alterations are not related to the mineralizations, and probably they formed at the post-mineralization stage.     

Platinum-group minerals from the Jinbaoshan Pd–Pt deposit,SW China: evidence for magmatic origin and hydrothermal alteration

The Jinbaoshan Pt–Pd deposit in Yunnan, SW China, is hosted in a wehrlite body, which is a member of the Permian (∼260 Ma) Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). The deposit is reported to contain one million tonnes of Pt–Pd ore grading 0.21% Ni and 0.16% Cu with 3.0 g/t (Pd + Pt). Platinum-group minerals (PGM) mostly are ∼10 μm in diameter, and are commonly Te-, Sn- and As-bearing, including moncheite (PtTe₂), atokite (Pd₃Sn), kotulskite (PdTe), sperrylite (PtAs₂), irarsite (IrAsS), cooperite (PtS), sudburyite (PdSb), and Pt–Fe alloy. Primary rock-forming minerals are olivine and clinopyroxene, with clinopyroxene forming anhedral poikilitic crystals surrounding olivine. Primary chromite occurs either as euhedral grains enclosed within olivine or as an interstitial phase to the olivine. However, the intrusion has undergone extensive hydrothermal alteration. Most olivine grains have been altered to serpentine, and interstitial clinopyroxene is often altered to actinolite/tremolite and locally biotite. Interstitial chromite grains are either partially or totally replaced by secondary magnetite. Base-metal sulfides (BMS), such as pentlandite and chalcopyrite, are usually interstitial to the altered olivine. PGM are located with the BMS and are therefore also interstitial to the serpentinized olivine grains, occurring within altered interstitial clinopyroxene and chromite, or along the edges of these minerals, which predominantly altered to actinolite/tremolite, serpentine and magnetite. Hydrothermal fluids were responsible for the release of the platinum-group elements (PGE) from the BMS to precipitate the PGM at low temperature during pervasive alteration. A sequence of alteration of the PGM has been recognized. Initially moncheite and atokite have been corroded and recrystallized during the formation of actinolite/tremolite, and then, cooperite and moncheite were altered to Pt–Fe alloy where they are in contact with serpentine. Sudburyite occurs in veins indicating late Pd mobility. However, textural evidence shows that the PGM are still in close proximity to the BMS. They occur in PGE-rich layers located at specific igneous horizons in the intrusion, suggesting that PGE were originally magmatic concentrations that, within a PGE-rich horizon, crystallized with BMS late in the olivine/clinopyroxene crystallization sequence and have not been significantly transported during serpentinization and alteration.     

湖南省热液硅化成矿作用与找矿

根据成矿作用与热液硅化极为密切的锡矿山锑矿床、康家湾铅锌金矿床、磺厂雄磺矿床和320铀矿床的地质特征,对热液硅化、角砾化、矿质沉淀和矿床剖面结构的形成机理进行了讨论,认为这类矿床属于浅成热液类型矿床或热泉型矿床,进而认为对司空见惯的硅化带的找矿意义要重新认识,由此提出了寻找这种类型矿床的地质、地球化学、地球物理的找矿标志。     

Dissolution-precipitation reactions controlling fast formation of dolomite under hydrothermal conditions

In laboratory experiments, the precipitation of dolomite at ambient temperature is virtually impossible due to strong solvation shells of magnesium ions in aqueous media and probably also due to the existence of a more intrinsic crystallization barrier that prevents the formation of long-range ordered crystallographic structures at ambient surface conditions. Conversely, dolomite can easily form at high temperature (>100 °C), but its precipitation and growth requires several days or weeks depending on experimental conditions. In the present study, experiments were performed to assess how a single heat-ageing step promotes the formation of dolomite under high-carbonate alkaline conditions via dissolution-precipitation reactions. This reaction pathway is relevant for the so-called hydrothermal dolomite frequently observed in carbonate platforms, but still ill-defined and understood. Our precipitation route is summarized by two main sequential reactions: (1) precipitation of Mg-calcite at low temperature (∼20 °C) by aqueous carbonation of synthetic portlandite (Ca(OH)₂) in a highly alkaline medium (1 M of NaOH and 1 M of MgCl₂), leading to precipitation of oriented nanoparticles of low- and high-Mg calcite (∼79 wt%) coexisting with aragonite (∼18 wt%) and brucite (∼3 wt%) after 24 h; (2) fast dolomitization process starting from 1 h of reaction by a single heat-ageing step from ∼20 to 200, 250 and 300 °C. Here, the Mg-calcite acts as a precursor that lowers the overall kinetics barrier for dolomite formation. Moreover, it is an important component in some bio-minerals (e.g. corals and seashells). Quantitative Rietveld refinements of XRD patterns, FESEM observations and FTIR measurements on the sequentially collected samples suggest fast dolomite precipitation coupled with dissolution of transient mineral phases such as low-Mg calcite (Mg < 4 mol%), high-Mg calcite (Mg > 4 mol%), proto-dolomite (or disordered dolomite; Mg > 40 mol%) and Ca-magnesite. In this case, the dolomite formation rate and the time-dependent mineral composition strongly depend on reaction temperature. For example, high-purity dolomitic material (87 wt% of dolomite mixed with 13 wt% of magnesite) was obtained at 300 °C after 48 h of reaction. Conversely, a lower proportion of dolomite (37 wt%), mixed with proto-dolomite (43 wt%), Ca-magnesite (16 wt%) and high-Mg calcite (4 wt%), was obtained at 200 °C after 72 h. The present experiments provide an additional mechanism for the massive dolomite formation in sedimentary environments (ex. deep sea organic-rich carbonate-sediments) if such sediments are subjected to significant temperature variations, for example by hot fluid circulations related to volcanic activity. In such systems, organic degradation increases the carbonate alkalinity (HCO₃⁻) necessary to induce the dolomitization process at low and high temperature.