Constraining the P–T path of a MORB-type eclogite using pseudosections, garnet zoning and garnet-clinopyroxene thermometry: an example from the Bohemian Massif

A mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB)‐type eclogite from the Moldanubian domain in the Bohemian Massif retains evidence of its prograde path in the form of inclusions of hornblende, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, titanite, ilmenite and rutile preserved in zoned garnet. Prograde zoning involves a flat grossular core followed by a grossular spike and decrease at the rim, whereas Fe/(Fe + Mg) is also flat in the core and then decreases at the rim. In a pseudosection for H₂O‐saturated conditions, garnet with such a zoning grows along an isothermal burial path at c. 750 °C from 10 kbar in the assemblage plagioclase‐hornblende‐diopsidic clinopyroxene‐quartz, then in hornblende‐diopsidic clinopyroxene‐quartz, and ends its growth at 17–18 kbar. From this point, there is no pseudosection‐based information on further increase in pressure or temperature. Then, with garnet‐clinopyroxene thermometry, the focus is on the dependence on, and the uncertainties stemming from the unknown Fe³⁺ content in clinopyroxene. Assuming no Fe³⁺ in the clinopyroxene gives a serious and unwarranted upward bias to calculated temperatures. A Fe³⁺‐contributed uncertainty of ±40 °C combined with a calibration and other uncertainties gives a peak temperature of 760 ± 90 °C at 18 kbar, consistent with no further heating following burial to eclogite facies conditions. Further pseudosection modelling suggests that decompression to c. 12 kbar occurred essentially isothermally from the metamorphic peak under H₂O‐undersaturated conditions (c. 1.3 mol.% H₂O) that allowed the preservation of the majority of garnet with symplectitic as well as relict clinopyroxene. The modelling also shows that a MORB‐type eclogite decompressed to c. 8 kbar ends as an amphibolite if it is H₂O saturated, but if it is H₂O‐undersaturated it contains assemblages with orthopyroxene. Increasing H₂O undersaturation causes an earlier transition to SiO₂ undersaturation on decompression, leading to the appearance of spinel‐bearing assemblages. Granulite facies‐looking overprints of eclogites may develop at amphibolite facies conditions.     

Metamorphic and structural diachroneity in the Finnmarkian nappes of north Norway

Abstract Two periods of garnet growth (Gt₁ and Gt₂) have been found in the Finnmarkian nappes of north Norway. In the Kolvik Nappe (the lowest nappe) Gt₁ has preserved an S₂ syntectonic spiral inclusion fabric; in the Olderfjord Nappe an earlier S₁ fabric and an interkinematic inter-D₁–D₂ fabric have been preserved in Gt₁ whilst only the S₁ fabric has been found in Gt₁ in the Brennsvik Nappe (the highest nappe). In each nappe Gt₂ overgrew a penetrative fabric (S₂) wrapped around Gt₁. In the Kolvik Nappe inclusion fabrics may be continuous from Gt₁ into Gt₂ but in the higher nappes there is a distinct break. Gt₂ may have been partially syntectonic with D₃ in the Brennsvik Nappe. Chemically Gt₁ in the Kolvik Nappe and in parts of the Olderfjord and Brennsvik Nappes has antithetic Fe-Mn zoning. In all nappes X_Ca and X_Mg are weakly zoned in Gt₁; X_Mg increases outwards and is greater in the higher nappes in Gt₁ suggesting higher nucleation temperatures. In the Olderfjord and Brennsvik Nappes Gt₂ is marked by increasing X_Ca, probably due to changing garnet-plagioclase equilibria, although the Fe/Mg ratio remains constant. X_Mg is higher in Gt₂ than Gt₁. Basement rocks within the nappe pile have an early pre-Finnmarkian growth (Gt₁) and a later Finnmarkian growth (Gt_H) correlated with Gt₂ on the basis of chemical zoning patterns. The diachroneity of Gt₁ is ascribed to progressively earlier (compared to the structural development) cessation of overstepping of garnet-forming reactions before peak metamorphism in the higher nappes, resulting in earlier structural events being preserved.     

Seismic hazard analysis in zones of time and space interdependence: An application to S?o Miguel Island, Azores

The Azores Islands are located in the mid-Atlantic region near the triple junction where the Euro-Asiatic-African-American plates join together. Seismic activity in the area is very high, as can be observed either from historical events since the fifteenth century, from present day microseismicity, and from direct and indirect measurements of recent tectonic deformation. Volcanic activity is also present throughout the region.All available information, even data exhibiting low quality, was used to develop hazard models of São Miguel Island. Source zones were established based on both the global tectonic behaviour of the region and on the local active fault structures. Recurrence laws for São Miguel Island, for which historical information seemed quite incomplete, were obtained from the large events in the entire archipelago and from their remarkable pattern of time and space dependence, and complimented by information on long-term fault deformation (for the longer recurrence periods) and on high precision instrumental network (for the very short recurrence periods).Attenuation laws were derived from data on events felt and/or recorded in the Island.Hazard maps were obtained through a modified version of McGuire's algorithm for several geometries of source areas and results compared with the maximum observed intensity of historical events.Abstract presented at the 21st General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission held in Sofia, 1988.     

Regional Considerations of Coastline Change,Tsunami Damage and Recovery along the Southern Coast of the Bay of Izmit (The Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake of 17 August 1999)

Co-seismic phenomena along the south coastline included liquefaction, subsidenceand tsunami. Construction on areas composed of fluvial and alluvial sediments aswell as unconsolidated fill increased the risk by creating potential for amplificationof seismic waves. Cyclic mobility liquefaction was common along the coastline, andlevel-ground liquefaction was observed. Flow liquefaction is held forth as a possibilityin the Deirmendere submarine landslide. Damage to structures was markedly more in areas of unconsolidated sediments. One or more tsunami struck immediately after the event; the uniformity of tsunami impact indicating a wave coming from 310° suggests that submarine faulting was the major source of tsunami. Over 800,000 m² of subsidence resulted from sediment slumping, fault controlled subsidence, and possibly post-liquefaction sediment compaction. After a brief period of post-event abandonment, reclamation and use of coastal areas is well underway. This creates a tension between human desires pushing for quick and inexpensive re-inhabitation of the coastal areas, and the needs for zoning and building codes for risk reduction. In this high-risk area suchcontrary cultural mandates cannot yield ideal results. It is suggested that an alternativemodel of immediate post-event creation of parks and natural areas that would yield benefit is preferable in coastal areas rather than the enforcement approach currently favored.     

开源GIS支持下的气象灾害风险区划分析

近年来气象灾害频繁发生,给我国人民生活、经济发展带来严重威胁。灾害风险区划分析作为防灾减灾的基础工作,在我国逐渐展开。为探索一种基于开源GIS的县级区域气象灾害风险区划分析技术方案,首先分析开源GIS的发展状况,探讨了开源GIS的质量、性能及应用中需注意的法律因素等,而后以东营市河口区为例,选择QGIS、ILWIS等开源软件,基于区域灾害系统论构建不同气象灾害的分析模型及综合气象灾害分析模型,进行县级区域气象灾害风险区划分析,最终编制实验区气象灾害风险区划分级图。     

得尔布干成矿带西南段矿床类型、成矿分带及找矿方向

得尔布干成矿带的西南段位于内蒙古自治区的新巴尔虎右旗至满洲里一带,是大兴安岭成矿省内极具找矿潜力的地区.铜、钼、铅、锌、银是该区的主要矿种,区内已发现大型矿床4处,小型矿床和矿点多处,分别形成于燕山早期和燕山晚期这2个主要成矿期,并可划分为3个矿床类型、6个矿床式.燕山早期的成矿元素主要是Cu、Mo、Au,以斑岩型和矽卡岩型矿床为主;燕山晚期的成矿元素主要为Pb、Zn、Ag,以次火山热液型和浅成热液型矿床为主.燕山期隆坳相间的构造格局和超浅成-浅成的中-酸性小岩体,控制着矿床的产出和分布.矿产地集中于燕山期隆坳交接带及其两侧,并形成以隆坳交接带为中心的、与成矿流体温度和盐度降低相伴的不对称分带.文章提出,得尔布干成矿带西南段的找矿潜力主要在隆坳交接带及其两侧,具体为已知矿区的深部及边部、乌奴格吐山-哈拉胜隆坳交接带和甲乌拉-山登脑隆坳交接带的两侧.此外,位于该区西南部的另一个隆坳交接带是潜在的矿化集中区.     

多重水力断裂的分形扩张

应用复杂性理论对于赣南脉钨矿床的著名“五层楼”式形态垂直分带进行研究 ,获得如下结果。 (1 )赣南脉钨矿床的“五层楼”式形态垂直分带是“多重水力断裂分形扩张”的结果。脉钨矿床的控矿多重断裂是一种以水力断裂为主导的热致与流体驱动断裂构造。脉钨矿床的自组织临界性是多重分形扩张之源 ,而中观破裂尖端周围流体静力学应力场梯度最大区则是分形扩张的驱动力。多重水力断裂的发生和发展是一种分形扩张过程 ,其演化服从串级“崩塌间断平衡”的时空分形生长动力学 ,与地震的Omori余震律相类似。 (2 )脉钨矿床“三环一帽”式的成矿地球化学分带是一种多组分成矿溶液的渗滤、溶解沉淀波结构 ,是成矿反应扩散系统中化学波的时空同步化传播而形成的目标斑图 ,是近平衡地质介质内 ,通过外界的“短暂局部激发”、继之以构造、岩浆和成矿脉动作用等“局部中断”而形成的径向对称、嵌套球状、远离平衡的局域化耗散结构 ,即脉动型自孤子。 (3)赣南脉钨矿床是近平衡区域地质背景中远离平衡的局域化耗散结构。赣南钨矿集区是复合自孤子的群集体。它们是在构造、岩浆多期次脉动条件下 ,来自①矿源层部分熔融的“区域提纯”、②岩浆期后成矿热液输运反应和③含钨地层、岩石淋滤交代的成矿物质 ,通过岩浆和热液孤     

重庆甑子岩崩塌落石动力学特征及危险性分区

针对重庆市南川区甑子岩危岩体面临的崩塌地质灾害问题,分析不同高度、不同规模的危岩体对东侧居民区的落石风险及危害性。以甑子岩处岩质边坡为研究对象,根据其结构面发育情况及崩塌落石特征确定模型尺寸,运用RocFall软件对崩塌落石的能量、速度、运动轨迹、落点位置及冲击力等进行模拟计算。以此对崩塌落石区进行落石风险评估,根据崩塌落石的动量和动能,按最危险原则法将崩塌落石的危险性分区,分为Ⅰ危险性极大、Ⅱ危险性大、Ⅲ危险性一般、Ⅳ危险性较小、Ⅴ无危险五个分区,并将此分区应用于甑子岩危岩体,评价崩子岩危岩体居民区的落石风险及危险性,确保居民安全。通过对崩塌落石区的危险性分区,可以用来指导居民区的安置和防护措施。     

The duration of near‐peak metamorphism from diffusion modelling of garnet zoning

Garnet in a staurolite–kyanite zone sample from central Vermont displays a bell‐shaped Mn growth zoning with diffusional modification over the outer 100 μm. The diffusion is driven by the prograde net transfer reaction garnet + chlorite = kyanite + biotite as is evidenced by a well‐defined resorption zone on the rim. Analysis of the reaction history and resorbed garnet composition suggests that the peak temperature attained was 620–660 °C. Diffusional modelling of the rim diffusion provides an estimate of the duration of the metamorphic episode over which significant garnet diffusion occurs. The duration is a function of the assumed peak temperature and garnet diffusivities and range from a few hundred thousand years to a few million years. Such short durations require rapid tectonic burial and exhumation of relatively thin tectonic slices.     

Grain‐scale pressure variations and chemical equilibrium in high‐grade metamorphic rocks

In the classical view of metamorphic microstructures, fast viscous relaxation (and so constant pressure) is assumed, with diffusion being the limiting factor in equilibration. This contribution is focused on the only other possible scenario – fast diffusion and slow viscous relaxation – and brings an alternative interpretation of microstructures typical of high‐grade metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the pressure vessel mechanical model applied to pressure variation associated with coesite inclusions in various host minerals, a multi‐anvil mechanical model is proposed in which strong single crystals and weak grain boundaries can maintain pressure variation at geological time‐scales in a polycrystalline material. In such a mechanical context, exsolution lamellae in feldspar are used to show that feldspar can sustain large differential stresses (>10 kbar) at geological time‐scales. Furthermore, it is argued that the existence of grain‐scale pressure gradients combined with diffusional equilibrium may explain chemical zoning preserved in reaction rims. Assuming zero net flux across the microstructure, an equilibrium thermodynamic method is introduced for inferring pressure variation corresponding to the chemical zoning. This new barometric method is applied to plagioclase rims around kyanite in felsic granulite (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic), yielding a grain‐scale pressure variation of 8 kbar. In this approach, kinetic factors are not invoked to account for mineral composition zoning preserved in rocks metamorphosed at high grade.