地震作用下非贯通节理岩体斜坡破坏的物理模型试验研究

地震作用下高斜坡破坏的发生发展过程比较短暂、剧烈,破坏机理相对复杂。本文采用模型试验的方法来研究地震作用下非贯通节理岩体斜坡的反应。试验结果表明:节理上的应变最大,模型上部应变大于下部应变;节理贯通机理复杂,多为拉剪复合型破坏;节理的贯通并不意味着斜坡的破坏,而是破坏了斜坡的整体性,使其处于临界状态。试验揭示了此类斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应及破坏机理,可为理论和工程实践应用提供有益的参考和指导。     

活动支座摩擦作用对连续梁桥固定支座剪力的影响

目前认为活动支座摩擦作用对连续梁固定支座剪力起有利的降低作用,抗震分析时一般忽略活动支座摩擦作用的影响。为了研究连续梁桥活动支座摩擦作用对固定支座剪力地震反应的影响,建立了考虑活动支座摩擦作用的连续梁桥抗震分析有限元模型,计算了各种情况下的固定支座剪力。研究发现,活动支座摩擦作用并不是在任何情况下都是有利的,根据分析结果给出了需要考虑活动支座摩擦力的情况,提出固定支座剪力简化计算公式需要综合考虑结构的自振特性及场地反应谱的影响。     

水下沙丘形态演化的数值模拟实验

水下沙丘在海洋、湖泊、河流等浅水砂质沉积区广泛分布。基于过程的数值实验方法探讨了沙丘形态演化问题,试图解释在沙丘形成过程中各因素的作用及它们之间的关系。模拟中考虑了以下的变量:水深、沉积物粒度、沉积层厚度以及台风作用。模拟结果显示,沙丘的空间分布控制了空间流场的参数k₂,沙丘波高受水深、沉积物粒度以及沉积层厚度等因素的影响,沉积层厚度决定了沙丘的形态是否饱满。在台风作用中,沙丘波峰的沉积物被侵蚀,高程降低,波高渐小;台风作用后,沉积物被重新输运至波峰,沙丘高度逐渐恢复。因此,沙丘的高度取决于台风作用的时间以及2次台风作用之间的间隔。沙丘形态和尺度在台风作用前后变化较小,但沙丘演化的速度却有所提高。根据台湾浅滩和北海南部地貌系统数据的验证,模拟具有较好的效果。     

基于土拱效应下的地震作用与抗滑桩桩间距关系分析

基于抗滑桩桩间土土拱效应,建立在地震作用下土拱效应的力学分析模型,在Mononobe-Okabe理论的基础上,将土拱作用等效为挡土墙作用,提出在一定地震设防烈度下土拱面上水平地震力的计算方法;在考虑滑坡推力和地震力两种外力作用下,依据桩间土在极限平衡状态下的静力平衡条件和强度条件,得出桩间净距理论计算公式.工程实例和系列试算表明,同等条件下,考虑地震作用比不考虑地震作用桩间净距要减小4％ ～ 23％,由此得出不同抗震设防等级下桩间净距计算的折减系数和桩间净距直接折减计算公式,以指导抗滑桩工程设计.     

基于水库调蓄的黄河干流水体交换时间研究(英文)

This note analyzes the change in water renewal time characteristics based on res-ervoir action and then establishes calculation models for the water renewal time in the Yellow River mainstream. The results indicate that the amount of renewable water with reservoir action can meet the annual water demand and that water flows naturally at the Lijin station near estuary. Initial storage dynamics is an important factor in water resource renewable capacity at a certain time, and rational reservoir action can promote sustainable water re-source utilization. When the initial storages in the Longyang Gorge reservoir are 9.343 and 5.343 billion m3, the water renewal times are 28 and 33.9 d, respectively. Flow stoppage ap-pears in April and May.     

日本MW 9.0级大地震前后华北和东北地区现今构造应力作用调整过程与研究意义探讨

为了探讨日本M_W 9.0级大地震前后华北和东北地区现今构造应力作用调整过程与研究意义,对华北和东北地区进行原位现今地应力绝对测量与实时监测、GPS测量,结果表明：日本大地震在山东半岛、华北北部地区和东北地区所诱发同震位移引起的张性效应调整周期分别约为6个月(即调整结束时间大约在2011年9月)、15个月(即调整结束时间大约在2012年6月)和26个月(即调整结束时间大约在2013年5月),张性效应调整周期与同震位移大小成正比。在这种调整过程中,往往表现出区域现今构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换,并可能伴随重大地质事件(如地震等)的发生。2012年5月28日和29日、6月18日、8月26日及2013年1月11日在唐山及其周围地区分别发生的4.8级、3.2级、4.0级、3.3级和3.0级地震与华北北部地区构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换有关,而2013年10月31日以来在吉林省松原市发生的地震群应与东北地区构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换有关,而非一个大地震前的小震群。     

基于地震作用和场地影响确定广东省设计地震动参数

在对《建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)》和《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则(试用,CECS 160:2004)》研究的基础上,根据广东地区的场地和地震作用特点,确定出了广东省甲、乙、丙类建筑不同设防水准的地震动峰值加速度,以及广东省91个城镇的特征周期分区值,为广东省建筑物抗震设计提供了更加可靠的地震动参数。     

粉质黏土强度指标的水化学敏感性研究

通过对重塑粉质黏土的液、塑限和固结慢速直剪试验,探讨了粉质黏土液限、塑性指数及抗剪强度与不同浓度NaCl孔隙溶液的关系。试验结果表明,随着孔隙溶液浓度增加,液限随之减小,塑性指数表现出粉土的性质;不同竖向正应力下的强度随浓度变化表现出较大的差异,正应力较低时,强度不断减小,而正应力较高时,则强度不断增大,正应力介于二者之间强度则先降后升;内摩擦角随浓度增加而增大,最终趋于稳定;黏聚力先迅速减小后逐渐回升,且均为负值。其性质变化主要是因为扩散双电层、颗粒间作用力以及孔隙比发生了改变。基于Terzaghi的有效应力原理,对饱和粉质黏土固结慢速直剪试验测得的负值黏聚力进行了分析和讨论,认为渗透压力对黏聚力起了非常重要的作用,从而使黏聚力成为负值。     

近场地震作用下不规则层间隔震结构的动力响应分析

层间隔震结构作为一种新型的隔震形式,不仅可以降低上部结构的动力响应,还可以弥补基础隔震结构的不足.现有研究多集中在远场地震作用下的规则层间隔震结构.本文利用通用结构分析与设计软件SAP2000分别模拟了一幢8层带裙房钢筋混凝土框架层间隔震结构、基础隔震结构和抗震结构,分析并对比了三种结构在近场地震作用下动力响应特征.结果表明在近场条件下三种结构顶层均出现不同程度的鞭梢效应;相比抗震结构两种隔震结构具有很好的减震效果,而且基础隔震结构的减震效果好于层间隔震结构;由于结构刚度突变的部位剪力较大,所以应对其裙楼顶部予以加强.     

Evaluating legacy contaminants and emerging chemicals in marine environments using adverse outcome pathways and biological effects-directed analysis

Natural and synthetic chemicals are essential to our daily lives, food supplies, health care, industries and safe sanitation. At the same time protecting marine ecosystems and seafood resources from the adverse effects of chemical contaminants remains an important issue. Since the 1970s, monitoring of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals using analytical chemistry has provided important spatial and temporal trend data in three important contexts; relating to human health protection from seafood contamination, addressing threats to marine top predators and finally providing essential evidence to better protect the biodiversity of commercial and non-commercial marine species. A number of regional conventions have led to controls on certain PBT chemicals over several years (termed ‘legacy contaminants’; e.g. cadmium, lindane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]). Analytical chemistry plays a key role in evaluating to what extent such regulatory steps have been effective in leading to reduced emissions of these legacy contaminants into marine environments. In parallel, the application of biomarkers (e.g. DNA adducts, CYP1A-EROD, vitellogenin) and bioassays integrated with analytical chemistry has strengthened the evidence base to support an ecosystem approach to manage marine pollution problems. In recent years, however, the increased sensitivity of analytical chemistry, toxicity alerts and wider environmental awareness has led to a focus on emerging chemical contaminants (defined as chemicals that have been detected in the environment, but which are currently not included in regulatory monitoring programmes and whose fate and biological impacts are poorly understood). It is also known that natural chemicals (e.g. algal biotoxins) may also pose a threat to marine species and seafood quality. Hence complex mixtures of legacy contaminants, emerging chemicals and natural biotoxins in marine ecosystems represent important scientific, economic and health challenges. In order to meet these challenges and pursue cost-effective scientific approaches that can provide evidence necessary to support policy needs (e.g. the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive), it is widely recognised that there is a need to (i) provide marine exposure assessments for priority contaminants using a range of validated models, passive samplers and biomarkers; (ii) integrate chemical monitoring data with biological effects data across spatial and temporal scales (including quality controls); and (iii) strengthen the evidence base to understand the relationship between exposure to complex chemical mixtures, biological and ecological impacts through integrated approaches and molecular data (e.g. genomics, proteomics and metabolomics). Additionally, we support the widely held view that (iv) that rather than increasing the analytical chemistry monitoring of large number of emerging contaminants, it will be important to target analytical chemistry towards key groups of chemicals of concern using effects-directed analysis. It is also important to evaluate to what extent existing biomarkers and bioassays can address various classes of emerging chemicals using the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) approach now being developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with respect to human toxicology and ecotoxicology.