西藏拿若斑岩型铜（金）矿床绿泥石特征及其地质意义

西藏拿若矿床是班公湖-怒江成矿带上多龙矿集区内,继多不杂、波龙斑岩型矿床和铁格隆南浅成低温热液型矿床之后,又一个具有重要勘查和研究意义的大型斑岩型铜(金)矿床。本文在详细的野外地质工作基础上,研究拿若矿区绿泥石矿物学和化学成分特征,探讨矿床成因及找矿勘查意义。拿若矿区内广泛发育绿泥石化蚀变,根据绿泥石野外产出状态,可将其分为三大类:Ⅰ—角砾岩筒中作为胶结物的绿泥石,Ⅱ—斑岩体中蚀变绿泥石,Ⅲ—长石石英砂岩中石英颗粒间绿泥石。三类绿泥石存在明显空间分布规律,Ⅰ类位于矿区南西部,Ⅱ类在矿区中部和北东部,Ⅲ类主要分布在两者之间(部分不在该范围)。电子探针研究结果表明,Ⅰ类绿泥石含有高AlⅣ、Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)和FeT/(FeT+Mg)值(分别是0.85、0.52、0.59),Ⅱ类绿泥石这几项参数值较低(分别是0.76、0.42、0.48),Ⅲ1类绿泥石(空间上位于Ⅰ和Ⅱ中间的部分)最低(分别是0.75、0.31、0.4)。计算的三类绿泥石形成温度表明Ⅰ类形成温度最高(平均231℃),Ⅱ类较低(平均199℃),Ⅲ1类形成温度最低(平均193℃)。Ⅲ1类形成温度值接近Ⅱ类,可能是因为长石石英砂岩中绿泥石主要为斑岩体的热液蚀变矿物。这表明矿区内存在两个不同的热源区,也说明角砾岩筒是斑岩体形成之后不久,在矿区南西的另一期热液作用下形成的热液隐爆角砾岩。研究还发现斑岩体中绿泥石AlⅣ、Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)和Cr/Ti值与矿石Cu、Au品位具有明显的正相关性,表明绿泥石这几项参数可以作为寻找斑岩型矿床富矿体的指示标志。另外斑岩体和角砾岩筒中Cr/Ti比值与矿石Cu、Au品位的正相关性,是因为Cr、Ti离子与Cu离子具有亲和性而致。矿区内厚大的工业矿体主要位于矿区中部斑岩体中,矿区南西的角砾岩筒矿化较弱,矿体不连续。矿区内巨型角砾岩筒和角岩化的发育预示了南西部具有寻找隐伏斑岩型矿体和角砾岩型矿体的潜力。     

新加坡地应力测量

2008年和2009年, 通过和新加坡宜康地质技术有限责任公司合作, 在新加坡18个浅钻孔中进行了水压致裂地应力测量. 通过测量获得了新加坡地壳浅部的现今应力状态, 为新加坡拟建地下管缆隧道设计施工提供了地应力依据, 也为世界应力环境数据库提供了参考. 测试结果表明, 在38.00~56.95 m深度域内最大水平主应力σh值为3.45~9.64 MPa, 最小水平主应力σh为2.49~6.28 MPa. 水平主应力和用上覆岩层重量计算的垂直应力σv之间的关系为σh>σh>σv,最大、最小水平主应力平均值分别是垂直应力平均值的5.13倍和3.23倍, 表明新加坡应力场以水平应力为主导. 初步分析认为, 新加坡陆域浅部构造应力场的量值大致呈南、北两端偏低, 中间高的态势, 在北端最大与最小水平主应力值都小于它们各自的平均值, 而南端则与平均值相当. 最大水平主应力优势方向为NE—NEE向, 该方向与前人在其邻区获得的构造应力场方向和由震源机制解反映的主压应力方向较为一致. 新加坡现今构造应力场状态与印度板块、澳大利亚板块、菲律宾板块与欧亚板块的汇聚作用有着密切的联系. 根据库仑摩擦滑动准则, 断层面摩擦系数取0.6~1.0, 分析了研究区内断层产生摩擦滑动的可能性.     

以钻代坑坑钻组合勘探在水口山矿的应用

水口山矿在几十年的勘采过程中,摸索出一套以钻代坑、坑钻结合行之有效的探矿工艺途径,在提高矿山近期开采储量级别;对矿体探边扫盲、延长服务年限;代替坑道探矿、查明老窿及含水构造,保证井下安全作业等方面都取得了很好的成绩,地质经济效益显著。     

中国云南金顶铅锌矿碎屑灌入体和水力压裂构造的观察及流体动力学分析

金顶铅锌矿曾被认为是形成于相对被动地受构造与沉积相控制的盆地流体,类似于许多其他沉积岩容矿的金属矿床。然而,一些近期研究显示在金顶矿区露天采场存在砂岩灌入体、侵位角砾岩和水力压裂构造,说明矿床可能形成于超压流体的爆发性释放。文中报道在地下坑道（跑马坪和峰子山）中新观察到的与超压流体有关的构造,这些构造显示比露天采场有更...     

大功率激电在吉林某铜矿新一轮找矿中的应用

以电法勘探理论为基础,介绍了运用大功率激电方法在吉林通化二密铜矿新一轮找矿中发现新矿体的工作过程,指出在新的成矿理论指导下,充分研究工作区地质、地球物理条件,恰当地选用物探方法,合理进行工作部署,一定能够取得好的找矿效果.     

Tectonic and stratigraphic significance of the Middle Ordovician carbonate breccias in the Ogcheon Belt, South Korea

Abstract Carbonate breccias occur sporadically in the Lower–Middle Ordovician Maggol Limestone exposed in the Taebacksan Basin in the northeastern part of the northeast–southwest‐trending Ogcheon Belt, South Korea. These carbonate breccias have been previously interpreted as intraformational or fault‐related breccias. Thus, little attention has been focused on tectonic and stratigraphic significance of these carbonate breccias. The present study, however, indicates that the majority of these carbonate breccias are solution–collapse breccias, which are causally linked to paleokarstification. Carbonate facies analysis in conjunction with conodont biostratigraphy suggests that an overall regression toward the top of the Maggol Limestone probably culminated in subaerial exposure of platform carbonates during the early Middle Ordovician (earliest Darriwilian). Extensive subaerial exposure of platform carbonates resulted in paleokarst‐related solution–collapse breccias in the upper Maggol Limestone. This subaerial exposure event is manifested as a major paleokarst unconformity at the Sauk–Tippecanoe sequence boundary elsewhere beneath the Middle Ordovician succession and its equivalents, most notably North America and North China. Due to its global extent, this paleokarst unconformity has been viewed as a product of second‐ or third‐order eustatic sealevel drop during the early Middle Ordovician. Although a paleokarst breccia zone is recognized beneath the Middle Ordovician succession in South Korea, the Sauk–Tippecanoe sequence boundary appears to be a conformable transgressive surface on the top of the paleokarst breccia zone in the upper Maggol Limestone. The paleokarst breccia zone beneath the conformable transgressive surface is represented by a thinning‐upward stack of exposure‐capped tidal flat‐dominated cycles that are closely associated with multiple occurrences of paleokarst‐related solution–collapse breccias. This paleokarst breccia zone was a likely consequence of repeated fourth‐ and fifth‐order sealevel fluctuations. It suggests that second‐ and third‐order eustatic sealevel drop may have been significantly tempered by substantial tectonic subsidence near the end of the Maggol deposition. The tectonic subsidence in the basin is also evidenced by the occurrence of coeval off‐platform lowstand siliciclastic quartzite lenses as well as debris flow carbonate breccias (i.e. the Yemi Breccia). With the continued tectonic subsidence, subsequent rise in the eustatic cycle caused drowning and deep flooding of carbonate platform, forming a transgressive surface on the top of the paleokarst breccia zone. This tectonic implication contrasts notably with the slowly subsiding carbonate platform model for the basin as has been previously interpreted. Thus, it is proposed that the Taebacksan Basin in the northeastern part of the Ogcheon Belt evolved from a slowly subsiding carbonate platform to a rapidly subsiding intracontinental rift basin during the early Middle Ordovician. The proposed tectonic model in the basin gives much better insight to unravel the stratigraphic response to tectonic evolution of the Ogcheon Belt, which remains an enigmatic feature in formulating a tectonic framework of the Korean peninsula. The present study also provides a good example that the falling part of the eustatic sealevel cycle may not produce a significant event in a rapidly subsiding basin where the rate of eustatic fall always remained lower than the rate of subsidence.     

冀东上营地区长河沿岸角闪斜长片麻岩与紫苏花岗闪长岩的关系及其成因

冀东太古宙克拉通线性岩浆-构造混杂岩区内分布有一种具英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩成分的角闪斜长片麻岩,空间上与紫苏花岗闪长岩密切伴生。角闪斜长片麻岩是紫苏花岗闪长岩受构造变形影响,沿一组共轭构造(N45°E,E15°S)发生退化变质的产物。退变质作用在有水参与的等化学体系内完成,并受最强期变形事件控制。     

The discursive politics of ‘fracking’: Frames,storylines, and the anticipatory contestation of shale gas development in the United Kingdom

How contested sources of energy such as shale gas are perceived in frontier countries considering their development is incredibly important to national and international climate policies. The UK shale development case is of particular interest currently as the Government attempts to position the UK as a pioneer of European, safe, sustainable shale gas development. We conduct a mixed-methods analysis of the UK policy debate on shale gas development involving 30 stakeholder interviews and 1557 political documents. This empirical focus extends the existing literature by identifying the use of frames in and through the institutions and practices of formal UK politics. We identify nine key frames and their associated storylines, analyse their use over time, and compare these findings with other national case studies. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given most UK Governments within our timeframe have supported shale development, pro-shale development frames dominate in the policy debate; however, we also find a high level of anti-shale development frame use, suggesting a deep and ongoing framing contest in national formal political sites. We find in particular a more prominent focus on land-use issues and impacts on the landscape than other UK studies or other national contexts. Conceptually, the study puts forward an integrative approach to the related concepts of frames and storylines, as well as arguments concerning the impotence of storylines in anticipatory political debate and the polyvalence of framing strategies. Questions about governance are raised by the general lack of consensus over the framing of shale development within formal political sites, let alone amongst the broader public; and by the lack of a coherent response from the Government to criticisms of its approach. Finally, we reflect on the apparent lack of evidence for Hajer’s ‘communicative miracle’ in our case, and speculate as to whether the lack of broad-based resonance of the ‘bridge’ storyline signals trouble for the positive-sum thinking of ecological modernisation.     

Propagation of pressure change through thick clay sequences: an example from Liverpool Plains, NSW, Australia

In-situ hydraulic conductivity and specific storage measurements are derived from an analysis of pore-water pressure changes in a nest of piezometers installed in a 40-m-thick succession of smectitic clay on the Liverpool Plains of northern New South Wales, Australia. The cumulative response to the rainfall events that typically occurs during winter or early spring is propagated through the clay with measurable loss of amplitude and increasing phase lag. Five major rainfall events occurred over the four years of detailed monitoring. The phase lag at the base of the clay varied between 49 and 72 days. Barometric efficiency (BE) measurements for the clay sequence (BE = 0.07) and the underlying confined aquifer (BE = 0.10) were used, with a known porosity of 0.567, to derive specific storage values of 3.7×10^–5 and 6.8×10^–6 m^–1 respectively. Vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) of the clay sequence derived from observed amplitude and phase changes, resulted in an average value of 2.8×10^–9 m/s. These in-situ-derived values indicate that previous estimates of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the clays, made on core samples, are unrealistically high. The instantaneous response to individual rainfall events transmitted through the clay succession (tidal efficiency of 0.93) is also described.

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Resumen Se han derivado mediciones in-situ de conductividad hidráulica y almacenamiento específico a partir de un análisis de cambios de presión intersticial en una red de piezómetros instalados en una secuencia gruesa de 40 m de arcilla esmectítica en las Planicies Liverpool del norte de Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia. La respuesta acumulativa de los eventos de lluvia que típicamente ocurren en invierno y principio de primavera se propaga a través de la arcilla mediante pérdida de amplitud y un incremento en retraso de fase. Durante los cuatro años de monitoreo detallado ocurrieron cuatro eventos de lluvia principales. El retraso de fase en la base de la arcilla varió de 49 a 72 días. Las mediciones de eficiencia barométrica (BE) para la secuencia arcillosa (BE = 0.07) y el acuífero confinado subyacente (BE = 0.1) se utilizaron, con una porosidad conocida de 0.567, para derivar valores de almacenamiento específico de 3.7×10^–5 y 6.8×10^–6 m^–1, respectivamente. La conductividad hidráulica vertical (Kv) de la secuencia arcillosa derivada de cambios observados en amplitud y fase dio por resultado un valor promedio de 2.8×10^–9 m/s. Estos valores derivados in-situ indican que los estimados previos de conductividad hidráulica vertical de las arcillas, hechos en muestras de núcleo, son muy altos y poco confiables. También se describe la respuesta instantánea de eventos de lluvia individuales transmitidos a través de la secuencia arcillosa (eficiencia de marea de 0.93).

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Résumé Des mesures in-situ de conductivité hydraulique et demmagasinement spécifique sont obtenues à partir de lanalyse de la variation des pressions interstitielles telles que mesurées au droit dun nid de piézomètres interceptant une épaisseur de 40 m dargile smectique dans les plaines de Liverpool, région nord du New South Wales, Australie. La réponse cumulative aux évènements pluviométriques qui surviennent typiquement durant lhiver ou le début du printemps, se propage dans les argiles suite à une diminution damplitude (des pressions interstitielles) et à un accroissement du pas de temps.. Cinq évènements pluviométriques sont survenus lors dun suivi détaillé effectué sur quatre (4) années. Le pas de temps à la base de largile a varié de 49 à 72 jours. Les mesures defficience barométrique (EB) de lassemblage argileux (BE = 0.07) et de la nappe aquifère confinée sous-jacente (BE = 1.10) ont été utilisées, avec une porosité connue de 0,567, afin dobtenir des valeurs demmagasinement spécifique de respectivement 3.7×10^–5 et 6.6×10^–6 m^–1. La conductivité hydraulique verticale (Ky) de lassemblage argileux a été déterminée à partir de la mesure des variations damplitudes ainsi que des pas de temps, permettant la détermination dune valeur moyenne de 2.8×10^–9 m/s. Ces valeurs obtenues in-situ montrent que les estimations de conductivité hydraulique verticale des argiles telles quobtenues à partir déchantillons non remaniés sont surestimées. La réponse instantanée à des évènements pluviométriques individuels transmis au travers de la succession dargile (facteur defficacité de marée de 0.93) est également décrite.

     

Estimating aquifer hydraulic properties using sinusoidal pumping at the Savannah River site,South Carolina,USA

A framework for estimating aquifer hydraulic properties using sinusoidal pumping is presented that (1) derives analytical solutions for confined, leaky, and partially penetrating conditions; (2) compares the analytical solutions with a finite element model; (3) establishes a field protocol for conducting sinusoidal aquifer tests; and (4) estimates aquifer parameters using the analytical solutions. The procedure is demonstrated in one surficial and two confined aquifers containing potentially contaminated water in coastal plain sediments at the Savannah River site, a federal nuclear facility. The analytical solutions compare favorably with finite-element solutions, except immediately adjacent to the pumping well where the assumption of zero borehole radius is not valid. Estimated aquifer properties are consistent with previous studies for the two confined aquifers, but are inconsistent for the surficial aquifer; conventional tests yielded estimates of the specific yield—consistent with an unconfined response—while the shorter-duration sinusoidal perturbations yielded estimates of the storativity—consistent with a confined, elastic response. The approach minimizes investigation-derived wastes, a significant concern where contaminated fluids must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. An additional advantage is the ability to introduce a signal different from background perturbations, thus easing detection.