Bed forms and bend-arc spacings of some coarse-bedload channels in Upland Britain

Seventy-eight riffle to riffle and 80 bend spacings along eleven coarse-bedload, low sinuosity stream channels in upland Britain have been surveyed. Frequency distributions of these spacings are notably right-skewed. The most common repeating distances between riffles and bend inflections are between 4 and 6 channel widths although spacings up to 20 widths are also present. Riffle and pool locations around bends at different stages of planform development indicate that change is largely through increased sinuosity between two consecutive riffles of an original straight reach. Observed straight segments exhibit alternating riffles and pools evenly spaced at 4-6 widths, and most bends have similarly spaced riffles at their inflections in plan, with the intermediate pool at their apex. However angular deflections between axial lines joining inflections indicate existing sequences of bends did not develop from a single straight reach. Bends which are significantly longer than 4-6 widths are of low sinuosity and represent variability in naturally irregular planforms rather than arcs in advanced stages of meander growth. Adjusted bed topography around such long bends takes two forms. Either a single riffle-pool cycle is present with one or both bed forms being longer than average, or a 4-6 widths spacing is maintained by more than one riffle-pool sequence. Locally, the cross-section characteristics of riffles and pools are also influenced by planform location.     

Analytical analysis of hydraulic effect of vegetation on shallow slope stability with different root architectures

A parametric study is performed to investigate hydraulic effect of vegetation on shallow slope stability with different root architectures in an infinite slope. Calculated results show during the first one hour of rainfall (181 mm/day), the exponential root architecture has higher ability to maintain shallow slope stability than the parabolic one. Under light rainfall (i.e., 20 mm/day) for 24 h, hydraulic effect of vegetation is more important inside root zone than outside root zone, while it is the opposite for rainfall intensities of 181 and 394 mm/day over the same duration. Parabolic rooted slope is more sensitive to rainfall pattern than bare one.     

滇西北兰坪金顶超大型矿床研究新进展:侵位角砾岩的发现及其地质意义

兰坪金顶超大刚型床各种角砾岩和角砾岩型矿体十分发育，通过对角砾岩型矿体形态、产状、与围岩接触关系和角砾岩自身结构特点的研究，作者首次发现并提出灰岩角砾岩型矿体是一种侵位角砾岩。其形成机制类似于现代泥火山。     

安徽省境内宿松群与大别群接触关系性质的厘定

摘 要　 运用构造地层学的理论和方法‚详细解剖了安徽省境内宿松群与大别群在几个重要地 段（猪婆寨、梓树坞、杨岩、大新屋和柳坪）接触关系的性质‚提出宿松群南西部的大别群主 要是变形变质侵入体‚与宿松群为先侵入、后构造的接触关系。在宿松群大新屋组厚层白云 质大理岩之上发现多层透镜状层间砂砾岩层‚沉积和构造标志均显示其层位在大新屋组之上 （新建为梓树坞组）‚对原来认为的不整合接触关系和底砾岩提出质疑。     

紫金山矿田二庙沟铜多金属矿点隐爆角砾岩活动中心的厘定及意义

紫金山矿田隐爆角砾岩发育,矿床与隐爆角砾岩有着紧密的关系。二庙沟矿区位于紫金山矿田西部,区内隐爆角砾岩零星出露。本文以二庙沟金子湖旁的隐爆震碎角砾岩为主要研究对象,通过隐爆角砾岩的分布特征、二庙沟金子湖旁周边的矿物蚀变组合特征及金子湖周边裂隙的特征分析,提出二庙沟矿区内金子湖附近为火山机构及隐爆角砾岩活动中心。该隐爆角砾岩中心的厘定,对该矿找矿勘查有一定的指导意义。     

湖南石门雄黄矿区矿化角砾岩的成因类型

湖南石门界牌峪地区雄黄矿床中伴有各类矿化角砾岩。从其岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学的特征来看，它是一种由热泉气体及部分物质在封闭还原条件下产生急剧爆发形成的特殊的角砾岩群。主要成因类型有“侵入状”角砾岩、爆破角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩和崩塌角砾岩。常见多种角砾岩叠加，它们是一种极好的控矿容矿载体，具有重要的找矿意义。     

底板岩层水力学特性原位测试研究

本文介绍了井下煤层底板岩层水力学特性（含单位涌水量、水压、渗透系数、裂隙导高带等）的钻孔原位测试方法,以太原市东山煤矿为例,详细给出了煤层底板石炭纪太原组和本溪组岩层的含水性态（水压、单位涌水量、渗透系数）及其奥灰水裂隙导高带等测试方法和结果,对承压水上采煤问题具有重要的参考价值。     

西藏拿若隐爆角砾岩中岩浆岩成因:来自锆石Hf同位素证据

西藏拿若铜(金)矿床是多龙矿集区重要矿床之一,矿体边部存在一岩浆作用的隐爆角砾岩筒。隐爆角砾岩中存在两种岩浆岩:一种是早期花岗闪长斑岩;一种是引起隐爆作用的岩浆热液形成的胶结物。此次工作以两种岩浆岩为对象,研究其锆石的Hf同位素特征。花岗闪长斑岩的锆石~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值介于0.282789~0.282905之间,176Lu/177Hf值介于0.000406~0.001042之间,ε_(Hf)~(t)值介于3.17~7.24之间,二阶模式年龄(tDM2)为713~978Ma。胶结物锆石的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf介于0.282777~0.282858之间,~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf值介于0.000441~0.001572之间,ε_(Hf)~(t)值为2.69~5.54,二阶模式年龄(tDM2)为823~1005M。两期岩体的ε_(Hf)~(t)值都是较小的正值,都具有年轻二阶模式年龄。拿若隐爆角砾岩中锆石Hf同位素特征显示,两期岩浆均具有壳幔混源的特征。拿若矿床的形成受控于特提斯洋壳俯冲作用。     

Google Earth在水利水电测绘中的应用

分析了Google Earth软件的强大功能,并详细介绍了Google Earth软件在水利水电测绘中的各种实际应用,包括水利工程断面测绘、地形图测绘、控制网优化设计、非涉密控制点成果资料管理及其他应用等,供广大水利水电测绘工作者参考。     

Hydraulic,textural and geochemical characteristics of the Ajali Formation,Anambra Basin,Nigeria: implication for groundwater quality

This study highlights the distribution of hydraulic conductivity (K) in the regional aquiferous Ajali Formation of SE-Nigeria on one hand and assesses the possible influences of textural and geochemical characteristics on the hydraulic conductivity on the other hand. The investigation approach involved field sampling and collection of 12 sandstone samples from different outcrop locations, followed by laboratory studies such as grain-size analysis (GSA), constant head permeameter test and geochemical analysis of major and trace elements using X-ray fluorescence method. GSA and textural studies show that the sandstones range from fine to medium sands, constituting about <75–99% sand fraction, with graphic mean grain size of 0.23–0.53 mm. Other parameters such as coefficient of uniformity (C_u) range from 1.58 to 5.25 (av. 2.75), while standard deviation (sorting) values of 0.56Ø–1.24Ø imply moderately well sorted materials. In addition, the order of the estimated K values is K_permeameter>K_Beyer>K_Hazen>K_{Kozeny-Carmen}>K_Fair-Hatch with average values of 1.4×10^?3, 4.4×10^?4, 3.8×10^?4, 2.2×10^?4 and 8.1×10^?5m/s, respectively. These values fall within the range of 10^?5 and 10^?3m/s for fine to medium sands. However, multivariate factor analysis of the data revealed significant positive dependence of the empirically determined K values on graphic mean grain size and percentage sand content and much less dependence on sorting and total porosity. Geochemical profiles of the fresh samples are dominated by quartz with corresponding SiO₂ content of 76.1–98.2% (av. 89.7%) while other major oxides are generally below 1.0wt.% in the fresh samples. However, the ferruginized samples exhibited elevated concentrations of Al₂O₃ (3.50–11.60wt.%) and Fe₂O₃ (1.80–3.60wt.%), which are clear indications of weathering/ferruginization processes with attendant trace metal release/enrichment (2.5mg/l Cu, 7.5mg/l Pb, 6.5mg/l Zn, 3.9mg/l Ni and 19.6mg/l Cr) call for concern in respect of the chemical quality of the groundwater system. The associated groundwater is generally soft, slightly acidic, and with low dissolved solids (EC=14–134μs/cm) dominated by silica; implying water from clean sandy aquifer devoid of labile and weatherable minerals. Nonetheless, most of the metals (with exception of Si, Fe and Mn) exhibited higher degree of mobility (2–12 folds), which can be attributed to reduction of Fe-/Mn-oxyhydroxides as sinks/hosts for trace metals. Consequently, infiltration-induced geochemical reactions (redox, ferruginization and leaching processes) signify potential environmental impact in terms of groundwater quality as well as borehole/aquifer management, especially under humid tropical environment of the study area.