On The Small-Scale Dynamics Of Flow Splitting In The Rhine Valley During A Shallow Foehn Event

Flow splitting in the Rhine valley has been observed with a transportable wind lidar (TWL) during a shallow-foehn event in the framework of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). The Doppler lidar recorded in detail flow splitting, foehn wind gusts, and flow reversal. Such structures have not previously been observed with comparable detail by conventional in-situinstruments. In addition to the TWL, boundary-layer processes have been documented by means of rawinsondes and surface stations. This paper presents an analysis of the processes giving birth to flow splitting between the Seez and Rhine valleys during Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 5 (1–3 October 1999) by combining the collected data with hydraulic theory. The study shows thatthe splitting of the channelled flow is associated with (1) the existence of a stagnation point at the intersection of the Seez and Rhine valleys, and (2) the deflection of the flow by the lateral sidewalls of the valleys.     

Variability of bedload transport and channel morphology in a braided river hydraulic model

This paper investigates variability in bedload transport and channel morphology for 11 replicate experimental runs in an approximately 1:50 braided river model. The experiments, each of 90 h duration, were carried out in a 20 × 3m tilting flume. All the experiments started with the same initial conditions. Bedload transport was measured at 5 min intervals in a collection drum at the exit from the flume. The model showed reasonable hydraulic similarity when compared to prototype rivers. Results show that mean bedload transport rates for the 11 runs vary in the range 0·98 to 1·49gs^?1 (mean + 1·21, coefficient of variation 11 per cent). Within-run transport rates commonly vary from close to zero, to two and occasionally three or four times the mean rate. Within the bedload series, several irregular phases of transport intensity can be observed, but time series analysis of the data show little underlying serial structure (an AR(2) autoregressive model is appropriate). Channel patterns are narrow/braided, are established quickly and remain relatively stable throughout the runs, although channel widths increase between 20 and 103 per cent over the 11 runs. Channel behaviour varies from aggradational to transitional between aggradation and degradation. Time-averaged bedload transport rate is weakly correlated with braiding intensity. In general, these results demonstrate that for a given set of controlling variables, bedload transport and channel morphology can be approximately replicated.     

A stochastic distributed model of soil erosion by overland flow

A model has been built to simulate runoff and erosion on slopes of varying form with soil of varying hydraulic conductivity, porosity, storage capacity, and particle size distribution. The model is based on known physical laws and takes into account spatially dependent random variation in the initial conditions of the soil. The rainfall is similarly both random and autocorrelated in space. Detailed results show how runoff is generated as a result of slow conductivity and high water table, how this leads to erosion, the degradation of the land surface, the capture of flow lines, and the development of networks of rills. The last accords well with results from laboratory experiments. Changing the initial conditions produces results that accord with intuition and reality.     

Geochemical and geochronological constraints on Late Jurassic volcanic rocks at Tuen Mun,Hong Kong,with implications for the Palaeo-Pacific subduction

Widespread Mesozoic igneous rocks in Hong Kong form part of the giant Mesozoic igneous province in Southeastern China. The Tuen Mun Formation in the Northwestern New Territories is the oldest volcanic unit known in Hong Kong. This formation contains a lower unit composed of dominantly volcanic breccia, minor dacite, rhyolite, and tuff, and an upper unit of basaltic andesitic to andesitic lava. The volcanic rocks from the lower unit contain zircon grains with a mean U–Pb age of 163.4 ± 0.9 Ma, synchronous with the adjacent Tsuen Wan Volcanic Group in the region. Good inter-correlations between different elements in the Harker diagrams indicate that the volcanic rocks with high SiO₂ (e.g. >65 wt.%) are essentially physical mixtures of intermediate magmas and various xenoliths of country rocks, characterizing the palaeo-volcanic plug facies. Preservation of large amounts of xenoliths of sandstone and marble in the volcanic rocks, which is revealed both in field and under microscopic observation, further supports this hypothesis. The original andesitic magma, represented by the intermediate volcanic rocks with SiO₂ <65 wt.%, exhibit enrichments of LILEs and LREEs compared with N-MORB, but have negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies in the primitive-mantle normalized diagram, similar to those derived from metasomatized mantle wedge in an arc environment. Large ranges of SiO₂, MgO, and CaO contents, and negative Eu and Ce anomalies are consistent with significant fractional crystallization of likely olivine/pyroxene and plagioclase. We propose that during the Late Jurassic subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate underneath the coastal continental arc in Southeast China generated prolonged and cyclic volcanism in the northern part of Hong Kong.     

中国南海海域北部地区现今地应力实测及综合分析研究

南海北部区域现今地应力场的状态和分布特征是进行海洋资源开发、地质环境和工程安全评价的主要参考依据,也是地球动力学研究的主要内容之一. 由于受到测量技术水平和自然条件等因素的影响,整个南海海域的地应力研究程度还比较低,有待于对该区域的地应力场的状态和控制因素进行较深入和细致的研究. 原地地应力测量是直接获取地壳浅表层现今主应力大小和方向特征的有效途径,同时利用海上油气田测井FMI资料能够有效地提取地应力信息. 结合区域构造环境,在实测地应力约束条件下,数值模拟方法能够有效地推测区域地应力的状态和分布特征. 在海南省乐东县开展了水压致裂原地地应力测量,测量获得的最大主应力方向区间为NW-NWW向. 根据Byerlee准则判别,钻孔附近的地应力远远小于引起断层活动地应力值的下限,钻孔邻近区域的断层活动性较弱. 对南海北部边缘海盆地有限的FMI测井资料进行地应力解译,获得莺歌海的最大主应力优势方位为NW-NNW向,琼东南的最大主应力优势方位为NWW向. 在对南海海域北部区域的板块构造环境和地球动力学背景分析的基础上,以上述地应力观测数据以及震源机制解资料为约束,对该区域现今地应力场进行了数值模拟分析,模拟结果表明,由于受印度板块、菲律宾板块和欧亚板块不同程度的影响,南海北部区域的地应力分布特征呈现了不同区域分化的趋势. 在靠近台湾岛区域,主要受到菲律宾板块与欧亚板块发生碰撞的影响,最大主应力方向为近E-W向;沿着滨海海岸带向西,由于受到欧亚板块在马尼拉海沟向下俯冲形成的拉伸作用,最大主应力的方向逐渐转换为S-N向、NW向.     

陕西双王金矿床含金角砾岩分类及其找矿意义

在总结分析陕西双王含金角砾岩成因基础上，将其分为构造角砾岩、液压致裂角砾岩和气液陷爆角砾岩三大类，阐述了各类角砾岩的特征、赋存特点和空间关系。讨论了不同角砾岩体的找矿意义。     

安徽省马鞍山市凹山矿床流化作用及边深部找矿潜力探讨

凹山铁矿床为一大型磁铁矿床。通过对矿床控矿因素的阐述,以及对由爆发作用形成“侵入角砾岩体”的分析。提出凹山矿床流化作用使一200m标高上下矿体迁移的现象,指出凹山矿床今后的找矿方向。     

Hydraulic model tests for evaluating sediment control function with a grid-type Sabo dam in mountainous torrents

There are two kinds of Sabo dams in order to control sediment transport by debris flow and flash floods in mountainous area, which are closed and open-type＇s dams. In Japan, open-type＇s Sabo dams are constructed taking into account the continuity of sediment routing from upstream to downstream reach in a basin. A plan to construct a 20 m high grid-type Sabo dam which can capture a sediment volume of 400,000 m3 is proposed in the Amahata river basin in Japan. Hydraulic model tests are conducted to decide on the section for a dam （Section A, B） and the grid size such as clearance of vertical/horizontal bars for evaluating the plan. Several runs of flume tests are conducted and the sediment control function of the Sabo darn is discussed using several experimental data such as dimensionless sediment runoff rate from Sabo dam, temporal changes of bed profile and mean diameter and so on. It was found that sediment deposition in sediment storage area of Sabo dam was affected by curved channel, and that next the grid size of steel bars and thirdly the section of a dam was able to capture sediment in storage area of Sabo dam. Sediment was controlled well in the section B and in the grid size of 1.0×d95, and the problems related to sediment runoffafter sediment capturing in Sabo dam are pointed out.     

论拉尔玛金（铀）矿床热液隐爆机构及其与金成矿的关系

在拉尔玛金铀矿床研究中鉴别出一种新的金矿控矿构造──热液隐爆机构。该机构在平面上呈近椭圆形,剖面上呈漏斗状,顶部为一由热液硅岩构成的“硅盖”,中心部位为热液隐爆角砾岩,其分布范围与金矿体吻合。热液隐爆机构的形成机制为：在硅岩与板岩的交界处形成的热液硅岩“盖”阻塞了热液系统,导致出现过压的地热环境,约49．5Ma时,由于东西向断裂复活,使脆性的硅岩发生破裂,最终导致了热液隐爆作用的发生。热液隐爆作用促使金元素从热液中沉淀,而热液隐爆机构则为金矿化提供了赋存空间。