昆明东川区播卡金矿地质

播卡金矿紧邻小江深大断面西侧，系省内目前发现、赋存于中元古界昆阳群地层中的最大金矿之一。根据获得的资料，以已知金矿段为重点，系统介绍播卡金矿的地质特征、成矿规律及找矿标志。     

Fracture network characteristics of a deep borehole in the Table Mountain Group (TMG), South Africa

Core samples from an 800-m deep borehole at the Rietfontein Farm, 10 km west of Graafwater, Western Cape, South Africa, were examined and interpreted for the hydrogeological significance of the Table Mountain Group (TMG) in the area. A suite of fracture data was collected and analysed to characterize the aquifer and conceptualize flow in the vicinity of the hole. Based on these data, the hydraulic conductivity, and density and coating intensity (due to precipitation) of the fractures against depth were computed. The dependence of fracture density on depth is very weak, while the intensity of fracture coatings is closely linked to the distribution of hydraulically active fractures that represents the maximum number of fractures currently open to groundwater flow. Four scenarios of depth ranges reflecting the development of hydraulically active fractures are proposed as a depth model of groundwater flow, implying that the majority of groundwater exists above 400 m depth. The top of the hydraulically inactive fracture zone clearly indicates that no groundwater flow could take place below a depth of about 570 m. The depth model gives a better understanding of the properties of the aquifers in the area and improves conceptual models, considering the lower limit of aquifer depth in particular.

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Résumé Des carottes issues d’un forage profond de 800 m, situé à la ferme Rietfontein à 10 km à l’ouest de Graafwater au Cap Ouest en Afrique du Sud, ont été examinées et analysées dans le cadre de l’étude de l’importance hydrogéologique du Table Mountain Group (TMG) dans la zone. Un ensemble de données de fracture a été collecté et analysé afin de caractériser l’aquifère et de conceptualiser l’écoulement aux alentours du puits. A partir de ces données, la conductivité hydraulique, la densité et l’intensité du remplissage des fractures (causé par la précipitation) ont été calculées en fonction de la profondeur. La relation entre la densité de fracture et la profondeur est faible, alors que l’intensité du remplissage des fractures est intimement liée à la distribution des fractures hydrauliquement actives qui sont définies par le nombre maximum de fractures ouvertes à l’écoulement de l’eau souterraine. Quatre scenarii avec différentes profondeurs représentant le développement de fractures hydrauliquement actives sont proposés comme modèle de la profondeur de l’écoulement souterrain en supposant que la majorité de l’eau souterraine se situe au dessus de 400 m de profondeur. La partie supérieure de la zone de fractures hydrauliquement inactives montre clairement qu’aucun écoulement souterrain ne pourrait avoir lieu en dessous de 570 m de profondeur. Le modèle de profondeur permet une meilleure compréhension des propriétés aquifères dans la zone et améliore les modèles conceptuels en particulier du fait qu’il prenne en compte la limite inférieure de l’aquifère.

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Resumen Se han examinado e interpretado testigos de un sondeo de 800 m realizado en la Granja Rietfontein, situada a 10 km al Oeste de Graafwater, Western Cape, Sudáfrica, para estudiar la importancia hidrogeológica del Grupo Table Mountain (TMG) en el área. Un conjunto de datos de fracturas fueron recogidos y analizados para caracterizar el acuífero y conceptualizar el flujo en las cercanías de la perforación. Basándose en estos datos, se computerizaron la conductividad hidráulica y la densidad y relleno de las fracturas (debida a precipitación) frente a su profundidad. La dependencia de la densidad de fracturación con la profundidad es muy débil, mientras que el relleno de la fractura está directamente ligada con la distribución de las fracturas hidráulicamente activas que representan el máximo número de fracturas abiertas actualmente al flujo de aguas subterráneas. Se propone cuatro escenarios de rangos de profundidad que reflejan el desarrollo de fracturas activas hidráulicamente, como un modelo de profundidad del flujo del agua subterránea que implica que la mayor parte del agua subterránea se encuentra por encima de los 400 m de profundidad. La parte superior de la zona de fracturas hidráulicamente inactivas indica claramente que el flujo del agua subterránea puede producirse por debajo de una profundidad de unos 570 m. El modelo de profundidades ofrece una mejor comprensión de las propiedades de los acuíferos en el área y mejora los modelos conceptuales considerando el límite inferior de la profundidad del acuífero en particular.

     

Experiment of pumping at constant-head: an alternative possibility to the sustainable yield of a well

The effects of constant-head pumping on a well over a period of 1 year have been monitored and the results used in the research of a potential alternative for the attainment of sustainable yield. Sustainable yield is frequently related to the response of drawdown during a pumping test at constant-rate, which sometimes involves a difficult choice of conceptual model to be used to analyse the pumping results. The experiment, carried out on a well that taps a fractured aquifer in Italy, recorded the aquifer’s response to pumping, compared with the response of springs. From the trends in discharge variation with time, the period and magnitude of the recharge and the stored water volume at the beginning of the depletion period can be evaluated, and the discharge rate during the same depletion period can be predicted. A sustainable yield can be derived based on the water volume extracted during the depletion period rather than on the prediction of drawdown over a long time. The experiment also highlights the stability of water quality extracted from the well, and where this criterion is important, in some cases, the constant-head pumping can represent an alternative method of groundwater exploitation.     

Laboratory validation of lattice Boltzmann method for modeling pore-scale flow in granular materials

Characteristics of fluid flow through various engineering structures, such as granular filters and asphalt pavements, influence their design life. Numerical simulation of fluid flow is useful for evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of these materials. Among various techniques, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is widely accepted due to the ease of implementing boundary conditions and the numerical stability in a wide variety of flow conditions. It has proven to be extremely efficient in the simulation of fluid flow through the complex geometries of granular materials. In this study, two-dimensional and three-dimensional LB models were developed to represent pore-scale monophasic Newtonian incompressible fluid flow in granular materials. Three-dimensional geometries of compacted aggregates and asphalt specimens were generated from X-ray Computed Tomography technique and used as input for the LB model. The accuracy of the models was verified by comparing the results with analytical solutions of simple geometries and hydraulic conductivity measurements on the compacted aggregates and hot mix asphalt specimens. The results of LB simulations were in excellent agreement with those obtained from analytical calculations and laboratory measurements.     

Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for the preparation of clay liners

Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from bauxite throughout the world. Approximately, 35% to 40% per ton of bauxite treated using the Bayer Process ends up as red mud waste. Because of storing issues, the waste negatively affects the environment. To solve this problem, it is essential to investigate different uses for red mud waste. The potential use of red mud for the preparation of stabilization material is presented in this study. This study examines the effects of red mud on the unconfined compressive strength, hydraulic conductivity, and swelling percentage of compacted clay liners as a hydraulic barrier. The test results show that compacted clay samples containing red mud and cement–red mud additives have a high compressive strength and decreased the hydraulic conductivity and swelling percentage as compared to natural clay samples. Consequently, it is concluded that red mud and cement–red mud materials can be successfully used for the stabilization of clay liners in geotechnical applications.     

Scale-dependent hydraulic conductivity in anisotropic media from dimensional cross-over

A cross-over from 1D conduction to 3D conduction with increasing scale is shown to account for the kind of scale-dependent hydraulic conductivity sometimes observed in anisotropic systems. The cross-over is investigated in the context of the application of continuum percolation theory to a random fractal model. The dimensional cross-over is defined in terms of a comparison between the correlation length from percolation theory and the system dimensions.

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Résumé Le passage d’une conductivité 1D à une conductivité 3D, avec une échelle d’étude croissante, est étudié de manière à supputer les dépendances de la conducticité hydraulique aux échelles, parfois observées dans les systèmes anisotropiques. Ce passage est investigué dans le contexte d’une application de la théorie de la percolation continue à un modèle fractal probabiliste. Le passage dimensionnel est définit en terme de comparaison entre la longueur de corrélation issue de la théorie de la percolation, et les dimensions du système.

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Resumen Se muestra un cruce de conducción en 1D a conducción 3D con escala creciente para explicar el tipo de conductividad hidráulica dependiente de escala que se observa algunas veces en sistemas anisotrópicos. Se investiga el cruce en el contexto de la aplicación de la teoría de percolación continua a un modelo fractal aleatorio. El cruce dimensional se define en términos de una comparación entre la longitud de correlación de la teoría de percolación y las dimensiones del sistema.

     

青海祁漫塔格-都兰成矿带铜矿找矿前景初探

青海东昆仑地区祁漫塔格—都兰成矿带历经多期造山活动的叠加,岩浆活动强烈,有华力西期—印支期斑岩、晚三叠世次火山侵入岩的产出,与斑岩(包括次火山岩)有关的内生金属矿产比较丰富。通过对景忍山、下西台、哈次谱山铜矿点的矿化特征、成矿地质条件及与国内外斑岩铜矿成矿系列的分带规律的对比,分析认为,它们之间具有相似的矿化特征和成矿地质条件。进而预测该成矿带具有寻找隐伏斑岩型铜矿的可能性。     

湘东南印支期褶皱特征及形成机制

湘东南地区以王仙岭-坪石一线为界,分为东部隆起区和西部坳陷区,分别发育两种不同类型和成因的印支期褶皱.东部隆起区大面积出露前泥盆纪褶皱基底并发育隔槽式褶皱,由泥盆纪跳马涧组与褶皱基底间的不整合界面所显示,表明褶皱基底参与了褶皱作用;露头显示褶皱过程中盖层未沿不整合界面产生明显滑脱.基于上述事实,认为隔槽式褶皱形成于基底(厚皮式)横向收缩与压扁作用,并从理论上论证了隔槽式褶皱不可能是盖层沿基底滑脱的产物,修正了前人的薄皮式观点.西部坳陷区主要出露中泥盆世-中三叠世地层并发育类侏罗山式褶皱,褶皱具有波长小且大小不一、垂向上不协调等特征,并伴生大量走向断裂,说明褶皱受不同层位软弱层顺层滑脱作用控制,其深层机制与区域断裂逆冲活动有关.     

水泥与生石灰处理吹填土对比试验研究

吹填土是由水力吹填形成的,颗粒很细,固结性能差,吹填以后要经过很长时间才能自然沉积固结,待表面形成硬壳后方可进行加固处理,因此,缩短沉积固结时间,使吹填土尽快地从泥浆状态转变为具有一定承载力的地基,是亟待解决的问题。在室内进行模拟加固方法的沉降柱试验,对吹填土加添固化剂以加速其沉积固结。固化剂主要选用水泥和生石灰,对两种添加方式的机理及固结效果进行详尽的分析和研究,初步找出加固效果产生差异的原因,从而揭示其固化机理,为吹填土地基的加固提供一种更加经济可行的方法。     

浅谈自力式三叉形高效排气帽的原理特性及应用

本文重点介绍新型专利，自力式三叉形高效排气帽的设计原理，结构特性以及空气动力性能检测结果．和旧式风帽相比，此产品的突出优点，不但能保障在任何风向和风力的情况下，都不发生风雨倒灌现象，而且还利用了室外风力，形成排风主管的抽力（即产生负静压），变不利因素为有利因素。另外此产品的阻力较小，阻力系数仅为0．83．