Effect of macropore tortuosity and morphology on preferential flow through saturated soil: A Lattice Boltzmann study

Unlike micropores where water moves upward or downward based on hydraulic gradient, in macropores, water flows predominantly downward due to the gravity. Therefore, models based on capillary flow are not capable of simulating macropore flow. There are attempts to model the macropore flow using two domains, one for capillary flow and another one for macropores. These models use Richard’s equation for capillary flow and Poiseuille’s law for macropores in which the macropore is approximated to be cylindrical or planar. This study quantifies the magnitudes of the errors induced by this assumption. Influence of macropore shapes and tortuosity was quantified by using a 3D Lattice Boltzmann model, which is capable of simulating fluid flow in micropores as well as macropores of cracked clays. Artificial macropores of constant sectional area and volume, but different shapes were generated in 3D and the influence of macropore shapes, shape related parameters, and tortuosity were systematically investigated. Macropore flow rate decreases with different shapes compared to cylindrical macropores and increase in aspect ratio of sectional shape leads to decrease in macropore flow rate. The maximum effect of bends/turnings along the tortuous macropore was about 25% on overall decrease of flow rate due to tortuosity. However, more detailed study is required on the influence of bends on macropore flow rate. The macropore flow rate reduces by about 70% for tortuosity of 1.41. A prediction equation is verified to predict the flow rate of different shapes and tortuous macropores based on straight cylindrical macropore using aspect ratio and tortuosity factor.     

内蒙古库伦旗秦家沟土壤地球化学特征及找矿方向

本文通过统计秦家沟土壤样品多元素地球化学参数,推测可能的矿源层和富集成矿作用,分析Grd数据对比图,分析各元素高值区的分布特征,根据相关系数（λ）矩阵的因子分析结果,得到了2个元素组合,推测出本区的主成矿元素和伴生元素,根据R型聚类分析谱系图的统计结果,推测出了本区可能存在的中高温元素组合类型和中低温元素组合类型,确定了本区有利的成矿元素组合类型,圈定了组合异常,通过归一化Grd数据图和组合异常对比,验证异常的合理性和有效性。通过施工地表工程,对所圈定的异常进行了查证,取得了良好的找矿效果,揭示了本区所蕴藏的成矿信息,指明了本区今后的找矿方向,为更好地指导本区下一步勘查工作提供了依据。     

油气藏水力压裂计算模拟技术研究现状与展望

水力压裂技术是油气藏尤其是页岩气开发中的核心技术,利用数值模拟方法进行压裂优化和产能预测又是水力压裂成功的关键。本文首先介绍了水力压裂技术的发展历程。然后从计算模型(二维模型、拟三维模型和全三维模型)和数值模拟方法(基于连续介质和基于非连续介质)两方面对油气藏开发领域的水力压裂计算模拟技术进行较全面的总结。最后,从以下3个方面指出现今研究的不足并提出了进一步的研究建议:(1)全三维模型的完善-全三维模型应当与真实的工程参数和监测数据结合,用于校正模型本身,而校正后的全三维模型又可预测和优化新的现场水力压裂作业; (2)数值模拟方法的选用-已有的水力压裂数值模拟方法种类繁多,需要针对各种方法的适用范围、计算效率和模拟效果等,进行全面的比较和优化; (3)页岩储层中天然裂缝网络的数值模拟-天然裂隙网络加剧了页岩储层力学性质的各向异性,同时水力裂缝沟通天然裂缝活化扩展是有利于储层的增渗增产,对压裂缝网的形态、尺寸和连通率等起着至关重要的作用。因此,数值计算过程中综合考虑页岩储层中天然裂缝与水力裂缝的相互作用,将是未来水力压裂模拟的热点。     

Dynamics of co-ignimbrite plumes generated from pyroclastic flows of Mount St. Helens (7 August 1980)

 Four co-ignimbrite plumes were generated along the flow path of the pyroclastic flow of 7 August 1980 at Mount St. Helens. Three of the plumes were generated in discrete pulses which can be linked to changes in slope along the channel. One plume was generated at the mouth of the channel where the flow decelerated markedly as it moved onto the lower slopes of the pumice plain. Plume generation here may be triggered by enhanced mixing due to a hydraulic jump associated with an abrupt slope change. Measurements of plume ascent velocity and width show that the co-ignimbrite plumes increased in velocity with height. The plumes have initial velocities of 1–2 m/s. Two of the plumes reached a velocity maximum (4.6 and 8.8 m/s, respectively, at heights of 270 and 315 m above the flow) and thereafter decelerated. The other plumes reached velocities of 6.2 and 13 m/s. The four plumes become systematically less energetic downstream as measured by their ascent rates, which can be interpreted as a consequence of decreasing interaction of the pyroclastic flow front with the atmosphere. Theoretical models of both co-ignimbrite plumes and discrete co-ignimbrite clouds assume that there is no initial momentum, and both are able to predict the observed acceleration stage. The rising plumes mix with and heat air and sediment out particles causing their buoyancy to increase. Theoretical models agree well with observations and suggest that the initial motion of the ascending material is best described as a discrete thermal cloud which expands as it entrains air, whereas the subsequent motion of the head may become influenced by material supplied from the following plume. The models agree well with observations for an initial temperature of the ash and air mixture in the range of 500–600 K, which is in turn consistent with the measured initial ash temperature of around 920 K. Ash masses of 3.4×10⁵ to 1.8×10⁶ kg are estimated. Received: 11 January 1996 / Accepted: 7 October 1996     

秦皇岛市区断裂活动性的SEM研究

近年来,应用断层泥扫描电子显微(SEM)构造来研究断裂的活动性,已引起了国内、外地震地质和工程地质的重视。本文通过对秦皇岛市区几条断裂带断层泥和断层泥中石英颗粒表面SEM构造特征的研究,对断裂带的相对活动时限及活动特征进行了探讨。研究成果与野外宏观调查、现场仪器测试、遥感101系统图象处理结果基本吻合,在微观领域为市区断裂活动性研究提供了依据。这说明该方法在工程地质领域具有重要的实际应用价值。     

东南地洼区的地球物理特征及其深部构造力源机制探讨

本文较全面地探讨了东南地洼区反映深部构造特点的地球物理特征(波速结构,地温分布,电性,密度,重、磁场异常),综合分析了该区地洼构造形成、演化的力源机制,讨论了地洼构造与板块构造的力源机制关系问题。     

A constitutive-relationship model for film flow on rough fracture surfaces

Film flow on fracture surfaces may be an important mechanism for fast flow in unsaturated fractured rocks. Incorporating this mechanism into a numerical model requires knowledge of constitutive relationships for film flow. Based on fractal concepts and a conceptual argument of Tokunaga et al. that water films could be treated as analogues to water in unsaturated porous media, a simple constitutive-relationship model has been developed. The validity of the model is supported by excellent agreements between calculation results and experimental observations for two different fracture surfaces.

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Resumen El flujo pelicular en la superficie de las fracturas puede ser un mecanismo importante para el flujo rápido en rocas fracturadas no saturadas. Incorporarlo en un modelo numérico requiere conocer las relaciones constitutivas del flujo pelicular. Se ha desarrollado un modelo de una relación constitutiva sencilla partiendo de conceptos fractales y de un argumento conceptual de Tokunaga et al., según el cual las películas de agua pueden ser tratadas como análogos del agua en medios porosos no saturados. La validez del modelo es corroborada por los excelentes ajustes entre los resultados numéricos y las observaciones experimentales en dos superficies de fracturas diferentes.

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Résumé Lécoulement en film sur les surfaces de fracture peut être un mécanisme important pour lécoulement rapide dans les roches fracturées non saturées. Lincorporation de ce mécanisme dans un modèle numérique nécessite la connaissance des relations fondamentales pour lécoulement en film. Basé sur des concepts fractals et sur un argument conceptuel de Tokunaga et al. selon lequel des films deau peuvent être considérés comme des analogues de leau en milieu poreux non saturé, un modèle simple des relations fondamentales a été développé. La validité de ce modèle est confirmée grâce à une excellente concordance entre les résultats du calcul et les observations expérimentales pour deux surfaces différentes de fractures.

     

Expériences de drainage et estimation de paramètres en milieu poreux non saturé

Two drainage experiments were carried out to identify the hydraulic parameters of a quartz sand by using inverse modelling. Our results, based on sensitivity and error analyses, show that (i) water content measurements are essential to estimate the parameters of the van Genuchten–Mualem retention curve, (ii) the saturated conductivity ($K_{\mathrm{s}}$) has a low sensitivity to pressure data and is not sensitive to other measures (water content and measured outflow), (iii) the inverse approach can be verified by comparing the simulated outflow to the measured one. To cite this article: H. Beydoun, F. Lehmann, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

1961-2010年绥化市温度和降水变化特征分析

以绥化市测站数据为基础,同时选取气温和降水2个主要气象要素指标,采用线性倾向估计最小二乘法和滑动平均法对1961-2010年绥化市温度和降水的变化趋势进行探讨并统计年代际特征。结果表明：近50 a来,绥化市春季、秋季、冬季平均气温以及年平均气温均呈明显的增加趋势,夏季虽有增温趋势,但不显著。降水量呈波动变化并略有减少。     

青藏高原东部暴雨强降水的特征

该文简要地介绍了贵州省气候中心近期主持完成的一项关于青藏高原东部暴雨强降水成因及特征的研究成果。这一成果使用多种方法综合研究了青藏高原东部暴雨的标准、暴雨的水汽通道、暴雨的天气气候特征、暴雨的小范围、短历时特征、暴雨的高效率特征、夜雨特征、暴雨强降水的巨大地形差异、青藏高原特有的雪暴强降水特征、暴雨面雨量的计算、最大可能降水量的估算、暴雨过程的地面径流特征、青藏高原东部的水平衡特征等课题,填补了青藏高原暴雨研究的空白。