Key morphological changes and their linkages with stream power and land-use changes in the Upper Tapi River basin,India

Knowledge on spatio-temporal variations in planform, hydraulic geometry, and bed-level variations of alluvial streams is required for planning and development of hydraulic structures and bank protection works. In the current study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used to analyze topographical maps, multi-temporal remotely sensed imagery, and hydrologic and hydraulic data to extract the morphological parameters of the Upper Tapi River, India. The river has been found to have consistent migration towards the northern direction, with erosion/deposition on right/left banks. The river has not experienced any major meander except in the lower reaches of the Upper Tapi Gorge and minor braiding conditions at the location where the river emerges from mountainous topography to the plain region. The analyzed river cross sections were found to be depth dominated, and contain large flows within the channel banks. The cross-sections exhibited moderate channel bed adjustments in 1994, 2006, and 2007 wherein excessive sediment flux and stream power were capable of causing morphological changes in the river. High intensity rainfall in the subcatchment resulted in high sediment flux into the river during 1994, which was reported to cause significant aggradation at the downgauging station. The analysis of sediment flux into the river in conjunction with decadal land use land cover, revealed that sediment yield from the catchment was reduced during 2000–2010 due to an increase in water bodies in the form of minor hydraulic structures. The entry of comparatively less sediment laden water into the river, resulted in moderate bed degradation especially in 2006 and 2007 as observed at the downstream station. The methodology applied in the current study is generic in nature and can be applied to other rivers to identify their morphological issues.     

PVC-U管材的特性及其在污水处理中的应用

通过将PVC-U管材与其他管材相比较并结合工程实例,介绍了PVC-U管材的一些特性和优缺点,并对其在污水处理中的应用进行了简要论述。结果表明:PVC-U管材完全满足污水处理的要求,并可降低工程造价。     

干湿地表的湍流特征及其对深对流影响的大涡模拟

利用大涡模式模拟了对流边界层结构演变以及深对流触发过程.通过改变鲍恩比的敏感性试验研究不同大气初始状况下湿润和干旱下垫面湍流特征及其对深对流触发过程的影响.结果表明:干旱下垫面的混合层干而暖,厚度较大;湿润下垫面相反.由于地表感热通量对热力湍流形成的作用更大,干旱下垫面上湍流混合和夹卷作用更强,使得水汽和相当位温在边界...     

贵州剑河主要地质旅游资源特征与评价

地质旅游资源是旅游资源的重要组成部分,对发展旅游业具有重要意义。根据贵州剑河县内地质旅游资源的重要程度,选取具有代表性和典型性的12处主要地质旅游资源进行类型与特征的分析,将其归为7类5个亚类。在此基础上,采用层次分析法(AHP)对其进行定量等级评价,得出在12处主要资源中有Ⅰ级地质旅游资源2处;Ⅱ级地质旅游资源2处,Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级占总数的33. 3%;Ⅲ级地质旅游资源8处,点总数的66. 7%。通过对地质旅游资源的分析与分级评价,有利于更好的认识其价值并为后续保护与利用提供参考。     

Research on basic characteristics of 2H, 18O and 14C in geothermal fluid in Guangdong Province,China

In general, previous geothermal geochemical studies in Guangdong Province mainly involves single method to cover limited aspects and areas. In that way, various methods available cannot actually provide more convincing results of geothermal fluid's circulation system and evolution process from different dimensions, especially in terms of isotope. As a result, more comprehensive researches remain to be done on geochemistry of geothermal fluid, in particular, the space-time law of isotope's evolution pattern as well as recharge cycle. Based on data of environmental isotopes(~2H and ~(18)O) and the isotope of radiometric dating(~(14)C), geothermal geology, characteristics of groundwater flow field and types of goethermal reservior in Guangdong Province are taken into account in this paper, so as to analyze numerical rule and spatial distribution features of isotopes. Thus, corresponding main causes, mechanism and hydrogeological significance can be revealed to further study the potential of geothermal fluid to renew and recharge in the long run, which is conducive to enrich geothermal theories and solve existing hydrogeological problems.     

Hydro‐morphologic Revision of the Cuautla Channel at Nayarit,Mexico

Pollution, habitat modification, and species migration are some of the results of human activities on natural environments which can be mitigated or compensated with proper planning. Irresponsibility or ignorance in planning coastal projects too often produces damage to natural systems which can be unpredictable and sometimes irrevocable. The specific site analyzed in this paper is the Cuautla littoral sub‐system which was originally a lagoon that diverted river water to other lagoons and estuaries, thus irrigating the Mexican Marismas Nacionales system, in the states of Nayarit and Sinaloa, Mexico. In the 1970s social and economic considerations motivated the construction of a small breaching canal from the sea to the lagoon. The subsequent growth of this channel was unforeseen and has produced an irreversible impact not only in the sub‐system but probably in the entire area of Marismas Nacionales. A lack of understanding of the present balances in the damaged system and of the impacts the changing morphology has on future change has created the need to study this area using numerical hydrodynamic simulation. The present distribution of water in the sub‐system was established and the governing processes were detected. By means of an analytical estimation of equilibrium conditions it was found that if nothing is done, the channel will continue eroding and the ecosystem will continue to degrade. Only by understanding the dramatic perturbations caused by the construction of the channel to the hydrologic and morphologic equilibriums can there be any hope of rescuing the ecosystem, including its human activities.     

南北地震带北段强震形变异常特征与预测指标研究

利用南北地震带北段及附近地区上世纪70年代以来的区域水准、跨断层短测线和90年代以来的GPS、流动重力等监测资料,结合地质构造和监测区发生的几次6级左右及以上震例,采用定性与定量相结合的方法分析研究了与地震有关的构造形变异常的基本特征及可能的机理,初步总结了基于这些不同尺度(类型)的构造形变异常进行强震中期预测的一些指标判据。     

Hydraulics of a partially penetrating well with skin zone in a confined aquifer

A steady/quasi-steady model is developed for predicting flow into a partially penetrating well with skin zone in a confined aquifer overlying an impervious layer. The model takes into account flow through the bottom of the wellbore, finite skin thickness and finite horizontal and vertical extent of the aquifer. Moreover, the solution can be easily extended to include the mixed-type boundary condition at the well face, where a Dirichlet in the form of a specified hydraulic head and a Neumann in the form of zero flux coexist at the same time at different portions of the well face. The validity of the proposed solution is tested by comparing a few results obtained from the developed model with corresponding results obtained by analytical and numerical means. The study shows that, among other factors remaining constant, both the horizontal and vertical extent of an artesian aquifer, thickness of the skin zone, bottom flow and conductivity contrast of the skin and formation zones, play an important part in deciding flow to a well dug in the aquifer, and hence these factors must be considered while analyzing the problem. The model proposed here can be used to estimate skin thickness as well as hydraulic conductivities of the skin and formation zones of a well with skin zone in an artesian aquifer underlain by an impervious layer by utilizing pumping test data falling in the steady or quasi-steady state of a typical pumping test. As the proposed solution is of a general nature in the sense that it can handle, apart from partial penetration and bottom flow, the finite size skin zone and finite horizontal and vertical extent of an artesian aquifer together with the mixed-type boundary condition at the well face, it is hoped that the predictions coming out of the model will be more realistic than those obtained using solutions developed with more stringent assumptions.     

龙门山断裂带地震活动的月尺度频度分布特征

利用Kolmogorov-Smirnov分布检验法, 对龙门山断裂带地震活动的月尺度频度分布进行了检验。 结果表明, 1970年以来M_L≥3.0地震活动半年频度符合正态分布, 而2000年以来M_L≥2.0级地震活动月频度符合泊松分布。 对半年频度和月频度分布随时间的变化做了进一步分析, 发现在1999年9月、 11月四川绵竹2次M_S5.0地震前和汶川M_S8.0地震前, 龙门山断裂带M_L≥3.0地震活动半年频度分布均表现出明显的异常变化, 在汶川地震前M_L≥2.0地震活动月频度分布出现异常变化。     

从苏北盆地黄桥和朱家墩气田成藏特征看江汉盆地勘探前景

苏北盆地发育了“黄桥型”和“朱家墩型”两类气藏。黄桥型气藏为断裂—裂缝型复合圈闭,不受层位控制,其气源为具有晚期生烃潜力的海相烃源岩重新深埋后再次生成的烃类气和经多期次火成岩侵入和喷发产生的大量CO2。朱家墩型气藏主要是海相烃源岩深埋后二次生烃形成晚期烃源充注、向上运移到白垩系成藏,属“古生新储”型。江汉盆地的成藏条件与苏北盆地具有可对比性,其中的江陵凹陷具备形成黄桥型气藏的条件,而沔阳凹陷则具备形成朱家墩型气藏的条件。江陵凹陷与苏北黄桥气田在构造演化、储盖条件、烃源、岩浆活动等方面均具有相似性,且前者的成藏条件更显优越。沔阳凹陷与苏北盐城坳陷东南部的烃源岩基础数据具有可比性,古生界均具备多套烃源岩层,且均表现为高演化特点,晚期生烃潜力也相似,其烃源为晚期生烃的古生界和上三叠统—侏罗系。