华北地区地震时间结构的多分形特征

利用固定半径法和直接计算法系统研究了华北地区（Ｎ３０°～４３°，λＥ１０６°～１２５°）１３个Ｋ表性子区地震时间结构的广义维数Ｄｑ—ｑ及标度指数谱ｆ（ａ）—ａ的特征，并与单—Ｄｑ—ｔ曲线进行了对比。结果表明；（１）华北地区地震时间结构为多分形结构，单一分形不能完整地描述其分形特征，应该用Ｄｑ—ｑ或ｆ（ａ）—ａ来加以分析；（２）华北强震前的０．５～２．０年．周围地区地震活动的时间多分形结构出现异常，主要表现为ｑ为负时Ｄｑ增大、ｑ为正时Ｄｑ减小，或ｆ（ａ）两端点下降，ａ跨度增大及顶点右偏等现象，这是对地震密集—平静现象的另一种描述；（３）华北地区地震时间多分形方法回顾性预报评分Ｒ＝０．４７，说明其有一定预报效能，是有前景的预报方法。     

核面反射波ScP在短周期仪器上的记录特征

核面反射波ScP在短周期仪器垂直分量上有清楚记录,佘山台在DD-1仪器上,P和ScP记录的到时差为T_(SOP-P)=6~m±30.0~9左右。在此范围内震源深度不同,震中距差别也较大,从△=26°到40°左右。它的周期与P波相似,震源深度越深,ScP震相越尖锐,地动位移比(ScP/P)也相对越大。初分者有可能错分为另一次地震的P波,发生在海洋地区的地震记录ScP震相比较多。     

新疆7级强震前的围空特征

讨论了新疆40年代以来所发生的8次7级强震前的围空现象。结果表明,除1974年巴里坤7.1级地震因资料不全外,7级强震前均出现明显的围空现象。研究发现,这种围空一般都经历了三个过程,时间通常为10—20年。最后分析讨论了7级强震前围空的特征以及判别指标。这将为今后确定强震危险区提供依据。     

吉林省六道沟硅藻土的矿物学特征研究

六道沟硅藻土矿床是我国北方中—大型优质硅藻土矿床。本文通过电镜扫描、x光衍射、红外吸收光谱、差热分析和化学分析等手段。研究了该矿床硅藻土的一般矿物学特征。     

姑咱台地面周日倾斜响应特征分析

本文介绍了利用安装在三个以上方向的连通管倾斜仪进行地面倾斜计算的对比分析方法,并根据姑咱台安装在三个方向的连通管倾斜仪观测资料对地面倾斜的可靠性以及地面倾斜运动响应特征进行了分析。     

Improving groundwater-flow modeling using optimal zoning methods

Hydraulic conductivity sometimes exhibits complicated spatial variation over a site. A thorough understanding of the spatial distributions of hydraulic conductivity helps to make deterministic models of groundwater more accurate. This study presents a novel procedure that combines simulated annealing algorithms (SA) and the shortest distance method (SD) with the modular three-dimensional groundwater flow model (MODFLOW). The procedure is applied to a hypothetical site with groundwater-monitoring wells to minimize the difference between simulated and observed hydraulic head for optimal zoning of the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The results of this optimal zoning method indicate that this new procedure not only improves the efficiency of optimization, but also increases the probability of finding the global optimum, minimizing the errors of the hydraulic head simulated by MODFLOW in two scenarios, one with known and the other with unknown hydraulic conductivity. The results also illustrated that the procedure can effectively determine and delineate hydrogeological zones.     

Hydraulic analysis of cell-network treatment wetlands

When individual cells of a multiple-cell treatment wetland are hydraulically connected, the wetland has a cell-network structure. The hydraulic performance of treatment wetlands is often characterized using tracer residence time distributions (RTDs) measured between the wetland inlet and outlet, such that the wetland is considered as a single hydraulic unit, regardless of the extent of networking between individual internal cells. This work extends the single hydraulic unit approach to enable the specification of moments and RTD parameters for individual cells, or clusters of cells, within the cell-network based on inert tracer tests with injection only at the network inlet. Hydraulic performance is quantified in terms of hydraulic efficiency and travel time dimensionless variance using both the method of moments and RTD modeling. Cell-network analysis was applied to a case study from the Orlando Easterly Wetland (OEW), demonstrating the improvement in hydraulic performance of individual wetland cells following wetland restoration activities. Furthermore, cell-network analysis indicated that the location of water quality sampling station locations within the cell network can significantly affect the accuracy of pollutant removal effectiveness estimation when the individual sample station RTD does not represent the hydraulic unit RTD. At the OEW, it was determined that historical nutrient removal effectiveness estimation may be underestimated for one area and overestimated for another, and recommendations were provided for sample station locations to minimize future performance estimation errors.     

The dynamics of a channel-fed lava flow on Pico Partido volcano, Lanzarote

A short length of channel on Pico Partido volcano, Lanzarote, provides us the opportunity to examine the dynamics of lava flowing in a channel that extends over a sudden break in slope. The 1–2-m-wide, 0.5–2-m-deep channel was built during the 1730–1736 eruptions on Lanzarote and exhibits a sinuous, well-formed channel over a steep (11° slope) 100-m-long proximal section. Over-flow units comprising smooth pahoehoe sheet flow, as well as evidence on the inner channel walls for multiple (at least 11) flow levels, attest to unsteady flow in the channel. In addition, superelevation is apparent at each of the six bends along the proximal channel section. Superelevation results from banking of the lava as it moves around the bend thus causing preferential construction of the outer bank. As a result, the channel profile at each bend is asymmetric with an outer bank that is higher than the inner bank. Analysis of superelevation indicates flow velocities of ~8 m s^–1. Our analysis of the superelevation features is based on an inertia-gravity balance, which we show is appropriate, even though the down-channel flow is in laminar flow. We use a viscosity-gravity balance model, together with the velocities calculated from superelevation, to obtain viscosities in the range 25–60 Pa s (assuming that the lava behaved as a Newtonian liquid). Estimated volume fluxes are in the range 7–12 m³ s^–1. An apparent down-flow increase in derived volume flux may have resulted from variable supply or bulking up of the flow due to vesiculation. Where the channel moves over a sharp break in slope and onto slopes of ~6°, the channel becomes less well defined and widens considerably. At the break of slope, an elongate ridge extends across the channel. We speculate that this ridge was formed as a result of a reduction in velocity immediately below the break of slope to allow deposition of entrained material or accretion of lava to the channel bed as a result of a change in flow regime or depth.     

郑州市区环境空气污染趋势分析

以2003年郑州市环境空气污染的主要监测指标为依据,分析了郑州市空气污染现状,并根据1994~2003年10年来的监测数据,对空气污染特征和污染趋势进行了分析,结论是:郑州市空气污染在近10年呈下降趋势。     

Hydraulic and compaction characteristics of leachate-contaminated lateritic soil

Large quantities of leachate-contaminated lateritic soil results from dump yards in the southwest coast of India. These dump yards receive large quantities of municipal solid waste which includes chemical, industrial and biomedical wastes. Large areas of land are currently being used for this purpose. An extensive laboratory testing program was carried out to determine the compaction characteristics and hydraulic conductivity of clean and contaminated lateritic soil. Batch tests were used to study the immediate effect of leachate contamination on the properties of lateritic soil. Contaminated specimens were prepared by mixing the lateritic soil with leachate in the amount of 5%, 10% and 20% by weight to vary the degree of contamination. The results indicated a small reduction in maximum dry density and an increase in hydraulic conductivity due to leachate-contamination. The change induced by chemical reaction in the microstructure of the soil was studied by scanning electron microscope before and after contamination of soil with leachate. The structure of the leachate contaminated soil sample appeared to be aggregated in scanning electron microscope analysis. The aggregated structure increases the effective pore space and thus increases the hydraulic conductivity. Fifty percent increase in hydraulic conductivity was observed for specimens prepared at standard Proctor density and mixed with 20% leachate. Compaction characteristics did not change much with the presence of leachate up to 10%. With 20% leachate the maximum dry density decreased slightly indicating excess leachate in the soil. However the changes are not significant.