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671.
Within the framework of ESCOMPTE, the influence of local wind systems like land–sea/mountain–valley winds on the distribution of air pollutants in the southern part of the Rhône valley and the coastal regions of southern France was investigated. In addition, the influence of the mistral on the long-range transport and vertical mixing of such substances on July 1, 2001 was analyzed. The results of the measurements of this mistral situation show high concentrations of O3 and NO2 in the layer just above the PBL at the southern exit of the Rhône valley near Avignon. By measurements from airborne and ground-based platforms and numerical simulations with the “Local Model” (LM) of the German Weather Service (DWD), it is shown that the mistral develops according to the theory conceived by Pettré [J. Atmos. Sci. 39 (1982) 542–554]. The synoptic-scale northerly flow through the Rhône valley is accelerated up to a Froude number (Fr) of 2.1, while the valley widens. Then, near the Mediterranean coast, a hydraulic jump occurs and Fr drops down to values below 1.0. High ozone concentrations of 112 ppb measured above the mistral layer disappear due to enhanced mixing after the flow has passed the hydraulic jump. There is some evidence that the ozone-rich air originates from the source region of greater Paris or upwind. The results confirm that regional wind systems associated with transport of trace gases in the high-grade industrialized Rhône valley can be successfully predicted using data of operational weather forecast models. 相似文献
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674.
地震孕育过程中形变趋势变化形态的理论分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用流变介质包体模型理论中体应变解析解计算分析了孕震过程中不同观测点的形态异常特征,结果表明,硬包体产生的体应变具有明显的3阶段过程,软包体却只有2个阶段的特点,但它们的形态特征不仅都具有象限性与地区性,而且还随震中距的不同而不同。岩石实验结果也表明,观测点距破裂面的距离不同,其形态特征也不同。在理论分析与岩石实验结果一致的基础上,分析了张北地震与景泰地震前形变异常的形态特征,即具有明显的地区性与象限性;并且形态特征随震中距的变化而不同;变化幅度也随震中距的增大而减小。基于对形变异常形态特征的理解,提出了利用形态特征预测、判断发震地点及孕震状态的思路。 相似文献
675.
近10年华北地壳水平运动的若干特征 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
根据近10年华北网高精度GPS复测资料、“中国地壳运动观测网络”GPS复测资料、山西断陷带的GPS资料等,分析了华北地区最近10年来地壳水平运动状态与演化,结果表明:①燕山构造带(张渤带)是华北地区水平应变最大的活动构造带,相邻块体的趋势性差异运动以燕山块体与华北平原块体之间为最大,约2mm/a(左旋);②华北地区周边差异性水平运动最显著的特征为该区西界中北段(银川等活动构造带组成)呈右旋走滑活动,南段以压性活动状态为主,该区北界西段的阴山断陷带以拉张活动为主,其它各界带的差异活动均不太明显;③从整体上看,每个时段的结果均有所不同,这其中除了误差因素外,可能还包含着运动的非线性成分。与此同时,文中也给出了华北各个块体、边界带不同时段的相对运动和应变结果。 相似文献
676.
1 INTRODUCTION The Parana River in South America ranks as the sixth largest in the world in terms of average discharge (22 x 103 m3/s according to Schumm and Winkley, 1994), and its Argentinean reach stretches from Puerto Iguazu on the north to the Rio de la Plata estuary in the south (Fig. 1). Its estimated average suspended load, bed load, and total load are 23 x 106, 2.2 x 106, and 25.2 x 106 metric tons per year, respectively (Paoli and Schreider, 2001.) The economic developmen… 相似文献
677.
Deformation mechanisms and hydraulic properties of fault zones in unconsolidated sediments; the Roer Valley Rift System,The Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In general, faults cutting through the unconsolidated sediments of the Roer Valley Rift System (RVRS), The Netherlands, form
strong barriers to horizontal groundwater flow. The relationships between deformation mechanisms along fault zones and their
impact on the hydrogeological structure of the fault zone are analyzed in a shallow (0–5 m below land surface) trench over
one of the faults in the study area. Recently developed digital-image-analysis techniques are used to estimate the spatial
distribution of hydraulic conductivity at the millimeter-scale and to describe the micromorphologic characteristics of the
fault zone. In addition, laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity on core-plug samples show the larger-scale distribution
of hydraulic conductivity in the damage zone flanking the main fault plane. Particulate flow is the deformation mechanism
at shallow depths, which causes the damage zone around the fault, in the sand-rich parts, to have a relatively enhanced hydraulic
conductivity. The fault core is characterized by reduced hydraulic conductivity due to clay smearing, grain-scale mixing,
and iron-oxide precipitation.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
678.
Physical and hydraulic properties of sediment from two karst aquifers were measured to determine (1) the similarity of sediment
between karst aquifer systems and (2) the importance of sediment in modeling flow through karst aquifers. The sediment from
the two systems was similar in size and composition. Within both aquifers, the silt-sized sediment was composed primarily
of quartz, with minor amounts of plagioclase and clays. Hydraulic conductivity of the sediment measured directly (falling-head
test) ranged from 1.61×10−7 to 1.33×10−6 m s–1 and estimated using the Campbell equation ranged from 8.30×10−8 to 8.98×10−7 m s–1. These values of hydraulic conductivity fall within the span of hydraulic conductivities for carbonate rocks, indicating
that the sediment and carbonate matrix could be represented as one mathematical unit in modeling flow through karst aquifers.
Statistical agreement in the hydraulic conductivity values generated by the two methods indicates that the estimation technique
could be used to calculate hydraulic conductivities; thus allowing karst scientist to collect bulk sediment samples instead
of having to collect cores from within karst aquifers.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
679.
680.