Characteristics of major and trace elements in surface sediments of the Makran Accretionary Prism,Pakistan and their implications for natural gas hydrates

To accurately identify the natural gas hydrates (NGH) in the sea area of the Makran Accretionary Prism, Pakistan, this paper presents the testing and analysis of major and trace elements in sediment samples taken from two stations (S₂ and S₃) in the area by the China Geological Survey. As shown by testing results, all major elements are slightly different in content between the two stations except SiO₂ and CaO. This also applies to the trace elements that include Sr and Ba primarily and Cr, Ni and Zn secondarily. It can be concluded in this study that the tectonic setting of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by oceanic island arc and that provenance of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by felsic igneous provenance, which is at the initial weathering stage and mainly consists of granodiorite. Besides terrigenous detritus, there are sediments possibly originating from Makran-Bela Ophiolite from the northwestern part and Murray Ridge igneous rocks from the southeastern part. The V/Cr, Ni/Co, and V/(V+Ni) ratios indicate that sediments of the two stations are in an oxidation-suboxidation environment. However, the authors infer that the sedimentary environment of the sediments 3.0 m below the seafloor tends to be gradually transformed into a reduction environment by comparison with the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea where NGH has been discovered. The sediments in the Makran Accretionary Prism are rich in organic matter, with total organic carbon (TOC) content greater than 1%. According to comprehensive research, the organic matter in the sediments mainly originates from marine algae and has high TOC content, which is favorable for the formation of NGH.     

西昆仑山前冲断带的分段变形特征及控制因素

本文在精细地表构造地质学解析的基础上,利用塔里木油田公司在塔里木盆地西南缘完成的高分辨率地震资料、钻井资料,开展新生代构造变形的精细几何学解析,确定不同构造部位的变形几何学和运动学特征,分析不同构造部位构造变形特征的差异性及其变化规律,探讨构造变形分段性的控制因素。根据西昆仑山前冲断带的变形特征,可以将冲断带划分为5个构造段,自西北向东南分别为:乌泊尔段、苏盖特段、齐姆根段、柯东段与和田段,且各段又可分为1~4个的构造带。各段的构造样式存在较大差异,乌泊尔段表现为受主帕米尔断裂(MPT)和帕米尔北缘断裂(FPT)控制,帕米尔北缘断裂表现为地表突破和大规模的垂向位移,限定了冲断作用的往北传播,浅部发育了上新世以来的背驼盆地;苏盖特段表现为走滑逆冲作用导致的构造变形的特点,构造样式总体上靠近山前地区为堆垛构造,盆地内部为薄皮的叠瓦扇构造;齐姆根段受深部右行走滑断裂带控制,形成了向北东突出的走滑构造;柯东段则以逆冲作用为主,变形向盆地内部发生大规模的薄皮传播;和田构造段表现为南部发育高角度的铁克里克断裂及基底卷入构造,北部发育断层转折褶皱。北西向的喀什-叶城转换系统、北东向的库尔干右行压扭断裂带和齐姆根深部右行走滑断裂带、古近系的膏盐滑脱层、新近纪同构造沉积作用和乌拉根古隆起等对西昆山山前冲断带分段变形起到了重要的控制作用。     

基于量测位移的隧洞围岩弹性抗力系数反演方法

在水工隧洞工程中,岩石弹性抗力系数K反映了岩石弹性抗力的大小,是设计环节中需要确定的一个极为重要的基础计算参数。水工隧洞工程中需用水压法试验测定弹性抗力系数,由于水压法测定抗力系数不仅耗时、费工、且试验工艺复杂。本文通过对比分析弹性状态下深埋圆形隧洞开挖支护与水压法试验力学效应关系,提出一种基于量测隧洞位移的围岩抗力系数的反演方法,该法可根据量测隧洞位移直接反演得到弹性抗力系数。结合北京市南水北调配套工程南干渠工程试验段工程实践,对浅埋水工隧洞位移进行监测,利用提出的反演方法,得到了隧洞围岩的弹性抗力系数。提出的反演方法为复杂水工隧洞不同围岩应力状态问题的弹性抗力系数反演提供参考和借鉴。     

Effect of salt of various concentrations on liquid limit,and hydraulic conductivity of different soil-bentonite mixtures

Effect of the various concentrations of NaCl and CaCl₂ on the four different soil-bentonite mixtures has been evaluated. The results show that the liquid limit of the mixtures decreases with an increase in the salt concentration. Liquid limit decreased significantly with an increase in CaCl₂ concentration from 0 to 0.1 N. However, a further increase in the concentration did not produce any significant decrease in liquid limit. A quite opposite trend was observed for the NaCl solution. An increase in NaCl concentration from 0 to 0.1 N did not produce any major decrease in the liquid limit, but a further increase in concentration from 0.1 to 1 N decreased the liquid limit significantly. Consolidation tests were carried out on the mixtures to evaluate the effect of mineralogical composition of the bentonite on the hydraulic conductivity (k) of the mixture in the presence of various salts concentrations. The k for any mixtures was found to be decreasing with decrease in the salt concentration. At relatively low concentration, Ca²⁺ had more effect on the k in comparison to the same concentration of Na⁺. However, at 1 N of NaCl and CaCl₂ almost an equal value of k was observed. A comparison of the performance of four bentonites showed that the mixture with bentonite having highest exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) exhibited the lowest k when permeated with de-ionized (DI) water, however, k increased with an increase in the salt concentration. Similarly, mixture with a bentonite of lower ESP exhibited a higher k with DI water but with the increase in the salt concentration alteration in the k, compared to all other mixtures, was relatively less.     

Characterization of the physical and hydraulic properties of the sediment in karst aquifers of the Springfield Plateau,Central Missouri,USA

Physical and hydraulic properties of sediment from two karst aquifers were measured to determine (1) the similarity of sediment between karst aquifer systems and (2) the importance of sediment in modeling flow through karst aquifers. The sediment from the two systems was similar in size and composition. Within both aquifers, the silt-sized sediment was composed primarily of quartz, with minor amounts of plagioclase and clays. Hydraulic conductivity of the sediment measured directly (falling-head test) ranged from 1.61×10⁻⁷ to 1.33×10⁻⁶ m s^–1 and estimated using the Campbell equation ranged from 8.30×10⁻⁸ to 8.98×10⁻⁷ m s^–1. These values of hydraulic conductivity fall within the span of hydraulic conductivities for carbonate rocks, indicating that the sediment and carbonate matrix could be represented as one mathematical unit in modeling flow through karst aquifers. Statistical agreement in the hydraulic conductivity values generated by the two methods indicates that the estimation technique could be used to calculate hydraulic conductivities; thus allowing karst scientist to collect bulk sediment samples instead of having to collect cores from within karst aquifers. Electronic Publication     

优势面的水力学效应对新寨滑坡稳定性的影响分析

本文阐述了优势面的水力学效应的概念,并用SARMA法重点分析了它对新寨滑坡稳定系数的影响,分析得出了此滑坡发生的条件：hwhwo,与实际资料达到很好的吻合,具有重要的工程参考意义。     

Upscaling of Navier–Stokes equations in porous media: Theoretical, numerical and experimental approach

The accurate estimation of hydraulic conductivity is important for many geotechnical engineering applications, as the presence of fluids affects all aspects of soil behaviour, including its strength. Darcy’s law is the key experimental (or phenomenological) equation employed to model ground water flow. Yet, this phenomenological equation can be linked to a more fundamental microscale model of flow through the pore spaces of the porous material. This paper provides an experimental verification of the relationships between Darcy’s law (macroscale) and the Navier–Stokes equations (microscale) for actual complex pore geometries of a granular material. The pore geometries are experimentally obtained through state-of-the-art X-ray computer assisted micro-tomography. From the numerical modelling of the microscale flow based on actual pore geometries, it is possible to quantify and visualize the development of pore-scale fluid preferential flow-paths through the porous material, and to assess the importance of pore connectivity in soil transport properties.     

电子导体的极化暂态特性与差异激电法

电子导体的极化暂态特性与电子导体的性质有密切关系。差异激电法的观测参数─激电差△P能够反映这种特性。本文用极化暂态特性的理论对石墨板、铜板和铁板三种模型上激电差△P异常的基本形态各不相同的现象作了初步解释,说明根据激电差△P异常的基本形态可以把不发生阳极溶解、不可逆性较弱和不可逆性较强的矿石─围岩溶液体系区分开,并且可以剔除炭质干扰。文中还给出了野外试验结果和应用实例。极化暂态特性反映的信息量很丰富,进一步研究有利于激电异常的区分和场源性质的识别。     

四川盆地东南部茅口组古岩溶特征及识别

以野外观察结合地球化学方法可以对四川盆地东南部茅口组的古岩溶进行较好的识别。该区茅口组主要发育四种类型的古岩溶,分别为沉积期岩溶、表生期岩溶、埋藏期岩溶和褶皱期岩溶,这四种类型的古岩溶在宏观特征、微观特征、包裹体均一温度、阴极射线下及碳同位素和锶同位素上都表现出了一定的差异性,这些差异性综合起来可作为研究区茅口组不同类型古岩溶的识别标志。沉积期岩溶具有发育规模小,以选择性溶蚀为主及在阴极射线下不发光的特征;表生期岩溶发育规模大,且主要出现在茅口组的中上部,可见大量的方斑及溶塌角砾,溶蚀孔洞充填物以中-粗晶方解石为主,局部可见少量渗滤砂,阴极射线下发暗褐色光或暗橙红色光,或两者共有而具环带结构,胶结充填物的碳同位素介于0.26‰～3.43‰之间,锶同位素介于0.7044～0.7049之间,包裹体均一温度为57～65℃;埋藏期岩溶发育规模不大,溶蚀孔洞中的胶结充填物被有机质侵染严重,常与残存的沥青共存,胶结充填物多为细-中晶方解石,阴极射线下发暗褐色光,碳同位素介于-1.44‰～-0.92‰之间,锶同位素介于0.7037～0.7049之间,包裹体均一温度为108～135℃;褶皱期岩溶的发育具有普遍性,常以裂缝或与裂缝沟通的方斑或裂缝溶蚀扩大缝的形式出现,溶蚀孔洞充填物以细-中晶方解石为主,阴极射线下不发光或发暗褐色光,碳同位素介于1.58‰～4.07‰之间,锶同位素介于0.7050～0.7082之间,包裹体均一温度为58～110℃。正确判断不同区域的古岩溶类型,对理解储层的形成机制及油气勘探部署具有重要的意义。     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之八四川盆地磨溪气田嘉二气藏的勘探与发现

磨溪气田位于四川盆地川中古隆中斜平缓构造带南部,其嘉二气藏为一中型海相气藏,含气面积为179.45km2,主力产层为三叠系嘉陵江组嘉二2亚段。气藏勘探始于1979年,于2004年勘探取得突破,至2005年底探明地质储量为326.59×108m3,年产天然气4×108m3。气藏储层为局限海—蒸发海台地碳酸盐岩微相,储层的发育分布主要受沉积作用和成岩作用控制,气藏类型为岩性—构造复合圈闭,气藏气水关系复杂。论述了气藏的发现和勘探开发历程及气藏的基本地质特征,总结了取得勘探突破的实践、认识与启示。