岩石微破裂进程的自组织临界特征探讨

运用RFPA2D作为研究手段对岩石在单轴压缩条件下破裂过程的自组织行为作了数值模拟,再现了岩石破裂过程中的应力积累(stress buildup)、应力转移(stress transference)和应力阴影(stress shadow)等“3S”现象,探讨了自组织临界特征,澄清了临界自组织现象等概念。研究结果表明,岩石破裂过程中的自组织行为是一个动态力学过程,并不一定只是在自组织临界状态点之后才发生,而是在临界状态点附近前后都能发生,只不过显现程度各有差异,临界状态点之后现象更为显著。     

Extrapolating EISCAT Pedersen conductances to other parts of the sky using ground-based TV auroral images

Ionospheric conductivity is not very easily measured directly. Incoherent scatter radars perhaps offer the best method but can only measure at one point in the sky at any one time and are limited in their time resolution. Statistical models of average conductivity are available but these may not be applied to individual case studies such as substorms. There are many instances where a real-time estimate of ionospheric conductivity over a large field-of-view is highly desirable at a high temporal and spatial resolution. We show that it is possible to make a reasonable estimate of the noctural height-integrated Pedersen conductivity, or conductance, with a single all-sky TV camera operating at 557.7 nm. This is not so in the case of the Hall conductance where at least two auroral wavelengths should be imaged in order to estimate additionally the energy of the precipitating particles.     

Longitudinal (UT) effect in the onset of auroral disturbances over two solar cycles as deduced from the AE-index

Statistical study on the universal time variations in the mean hourly auroral electrojet index (AE-index) has been undertaken for a 21 y period over two solar cycles (1957–1968 and 1978–1986). The analysis, applied to isolated auroral substorm onsets (inferred from rapid variations in the AE-index) and to the bulk of the AE data, indicates that the maximum in auroral activity is largely confined to 09–18 UT, with a distinct minimum at 03–06 UT. The diurnal effect was clearly present throughout all seasons in the first cycle but was mainly limited to northern winter in the second cycle. Severe storms (AE > 1000 nT) tended to occur between 9–18 UT irrespective of the seasons whereas all larger magnetic disturbances (AE > 500 nT) tended to occur in this time interval mostly in winter. On the whole the diurnal trend was strong in winter, intermediate at equinox and weak in summer. The implication of this study is that Eastern Siberia, Japan and Australia are mostly at night, during the period of maximum auroral activity whereas Europe and Eastern America are then mostly at daytime. The minimum of auroral activity coincides with near-midnight conditions in Eastern America. It appears that the diurnal UT distribution in the AE-index reflects a diurnal change between interplanetary magnetic field orientation and the Earths magnetic dipole inclination.     

Preliminary results from the MEMO multicomponent measurements of waves on-board INTERBALL 2

The MEMO (MEsure Multicomposante des Ondes) experiment is a part of theINTERBALL 2 wave consortium. It is connected to a total of six electric and nine magnetic independent sensors. It provides waveforms associated with the measurement of two to five components in three frequency bands: ELF (5–1000 Hz), VLF (1–20 kHz), LF (20–250 kHz). Preliminary analyses of low and high resolution data are presented. The emphasis is put on the estimation of the propagation characteristics of the observed waves. VLF hiss emissions are shown to be mainly whistler mode emissions, but other modes are present. An accurate estimation of the local plasma frequency is proposed when the low L = 0 cutoff frequency is identified. AKR emissions observed just above source regions are studied. R-X and L-O modes are found: the first at the lowest frequencies and the second at the highest. Both propagate with wave normal directions weakly oblique or quasi-parallel to the Earths magnetic field direction. Propagation characteristics are also determined for a (non-drifting) fine structure of AKR. There is no fundamental difference with structurless events. Night-side and dayside bursts of ELF electromagnetic emissions are presented. It is not clear whether the two emissions belong to the lion roar emissions or not.     

Interhemispheric contrasts in the ionospheric convection response to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field and substorm activity: a case-study

Interhemispheric contrasts in the ionospheric convection response to variations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and substorm activity are examined, for an interval observed by the Polar Anglo-American Conjugate Experiment (PACE) radar system between 1600 and 2100 MLT on 4 March 1992. Representations of the ionospheric convection pattern associated with different orientations and magnitudes of the IMF and nightside driven enhancements of the auroral electrojet are employed to illustrate a possible explanation for the contrast in convection flow response observed in radar data at nominally conjugate points. Ion drift measurements from the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) confirm these ionospheric convection flows to be representative for the prevailing IMF orientation and magnitude. The location of the fields of view of the PACE radars with respect to these patterns suggest that the radar backscatter observed in each hemisphere is critically influenced by the position of the ionospheric convection reversal boundary (CRB) within the radar field of view and the influence it has on the generation of the irregularities required as scattering targets by high-frequency coherent radar systems. The position of the CRB in each hemisphere is strongly controlled by the relative magnitudes of the IMF B_z and B_y components, and hence so is the interhemispheric contrast in the radar observations.     

Auroral pulsations and accompanying VLF emissions

Results of simultaneous TV observations of pulsating auroral patches and ELF-VLF-emissions in the morning sector carried out in Sodankylä (Finland) on February 15, 1991 are presented. Auroral pulsating activity was typical having pulsating patches with characteristic periods of about 7 s. Narrow-band hiss emissions and chorus elements at intervals of 0.3–0.4 s formed the main ELF-VLF activity in the frequency range 1.0–2.5 kHz at the same time. The analysis of auroral images with time resolution of 0.04 s allowed perfectly separate analysis of spatial and temporal variations in the auroral luminosity. Mutual correspondence between the behaviour of the luminous auroral patches and the appearance of ELF noise type hiss emissions and VLF chorus trains was found in two intervals chosen for analysis. While the hiss emissions were associated with the appearance of luminosity inside a limited area close to the zenith, the structured VLF emissions were accompanied by rapid motion of luminosity inside the area. The spatial dimension of the pulsating area was about 45–50 km and luminosity propagated inside it with velocity of about 10–12 kms. We discuss a new approach to explain the 5–15 s auroral pulsation based on the theory of flowing cyclotron maser and relaxation characteristics of ionosphere.     

非线性地球化学动力学

非线性地球化学动力学的研究主要包括五个方面：①地球化学非线性反应动力学;②矿物沉淀、结晶与生长的非线性动力学;③流体流动－反应耦合的非线性动力学;④力学－化学耦合的非线性动力学;⑤地球化学循环的非线性动力学或非线性全球动力学。分别总结了上述五个方面的研究进展,讨论了地球化学非线性动力学研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

地质摩擦学——摩擦学在地球科学中的应用与发展

近十几年来,摩擦学学者也开始对地质摩擦现象发生兴趣,并提出了“地质摩擦学”这个概念。然而,人们对地质摩擦学的定义、研究对象、研究范围、理论基础和研究方法都还缺乏明确的认识。因此,文章在综述地质摩擦现象及其研究概况的基础上,通过分析地质摩擦学形成与发展的过程,应用关于科学发展的库恩模型分析了地质摩擦学的发展,并提出了地质摩擦学的定义,确定了其研究对象和范围,建立了地质摩擦学的学科框架,从而为地质摩擦学的进一步发展奠定了初步基础。认为建立地质摩擦学,将使摩擦学和地球科学这两方面的研究人员紧密地联合起来,统一处理和研究地质摩擦现象,这样就能够更有效地把摩擦学和地球科学各分支学科的理论和方法综合应用到地质摩擦现象的研究中去,以解决分散在地学领域各分支学科中的由于缺乏某些更有效的研究方法而难以解决的问题。     

The discrete Hurst range for skew independent two-valued inflows

A new theoretical interpretation is proposed for Hurst's empirical law which is applicable to discrete-valued inflows and is consistent with the existing interpretation for continuous-valued inflows. This is applied to independent net inflows {X _r} having values +1 and –1 with unequal probabilities. With the aid of a new result on the exchangeability of symmetrically conditioned exchangeable variables, values of the resulting range are obtained and tabulated. It is found that the effect of skewness is very slight for skewness values between (about) 3 and –3, and that Hurst's own approximation, the conditioned range, is remarkably accurate.     

江苏及邻区地震频次的Hurst指数分析

研究了将地震频次Hurst指数应用于江苏及邻区的地震预报问题，结果表明，对1970年以来发生的5级以上地震作回溯性预测检验得到的R值为0.365，异常开始一年内发生5级以上地震占报对地震数的81.8%，因而urst指数在该地区的地震预报中有较好的应用前景。