天津某基坑围护结构变形及周围建筑沉降分析

随着近年来城市化进程加速,城市用地日趋紧张。越来越多的基坑工程需要在建筑、道路、管线密集地区进行,这不仅对基坑本身变形大小提出了极高要求,其对周围环境的影响也引起大家越来越多的重视。通过对天津某实际基坑工程实测数据进行分析研究,得到以下结论:增加围护结构整体刚度和长度对减小围护结构变形有显著作用;基坑附近超载会明显增大围护结构的变形;由基坑开挖而引起的周围地表沉降曲线呈凹槽形。     

Evaluation of excavation‐induced relaxation and its application to an arch dam foundation

Based on the damage mechanism of rock during excavation, the maximum tensile strain criterion for pinpointing relaxation region or excavation‐disturbed (damage) zone (EDZ) is introduced. To simulate the deformation and stress redistribution caused by the deterioration of the deformation and strength parameters in the EDZ, the ‘restraint‐relaxation’ finite element algorithm is formulated using the deformation and strength parameters of pre‐and post‐relaxation. The Xiaowan arch dam project (292 m high) is studied by the proposed method, in which the permissible tensile strain and fluidity parameter are evaluated using back analysis. The computation results have good agreement with the field monitoring. An important inference from the study is the necessity of considering the relaxation effects on the dam/foundation system during the construction and operation period. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synergies and tradeoffs in how managers,scientists, and fishers value coral reef ecosystem services

Managing ecosystems in a changing environment faces the challenge of balancing diverse competing perspectives on which ecosystem services – nature's benefits – to prioritize. Consequently, we measured and compared how different stakeholders (managers, scientists and fishers) prioritize specific coral reef ecosystem services. Managers’ priorities were more aligned with scientists’ priorities but all stakeholder groups agreed that fishery, education, and habitat were high priorities. However, stakeholder groups differed in the extent to which they prioritized certain services. Fishers tended to assigned greater estimates to fishery and education, managers to culture, and scientists to coastal protection. Furthermore, using network analysis to map the interactions between stakeholders’ priorities, we found distinct synergies and trade-offs in how ecosystem services were prioritized, representing areas of agreement and conflict. In the fishers’ network, trade-offs emerged between two services, both of a higher priority, such as fishery and habitat. Conversely, in the scientists’ network, trade-offs emerged between services of a higher and lower priority, such as habitat and culture. The trade-offs and synergies that emerged in the managers’ network overlap with both fishers’ and scientists’ suggesting a potential brokering role that managers can play in balancing both priorities and conflicts. We suggest that measuring ecosystem service priorities can highlight key areas of agreement and conflict, both within and across stakeholder groups, to be addressed when communicating and prioritizing decisions.     

Influence of diaphragm wall installation on the numerical analysis of deep excavation

This paper presents a numerical analysis of the influence of initial stress state on the response of deep excavation supported by retaining wall. Indeed, the influence of diaphragm wall installation prior to excavation works may affect the soil response and lateral wall deflection induced by excavation process. The first part of this paper gives a short review of the numerical methods aimed to reproduce the retaining wall installation. Numerical analysis of a deep excavation in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional conditions is then performed according to the methods previously presented. In three‐dimensional conditions, diaphragm wall installation is performed considering a sequence of panels, described by their number and length. Results of three‐dimensional calculations confirm that stress state is disturbed by wall installation, which has a sensitive effect on the ground response induced by soil excavation. It is also noted that these results are not easily reproduced in two‐dimensional conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A geostatistical model for estimating edge effects and cumulative human disturbance in wetlands and coastal waters

ABSTRACT

The modification of landscapes for agriculture, residential housing, and other human uses has the potential to alter ecosystem function, reduce native biodiversity, and to diminish the capacity of natural systems to provide essential goods and services. Resultantly, methods aimed at quantifying disturbance intensity at the intersection of anthropogenic and natural lands are important to applied aspects of landscape planning and natural resource management, as well as theoretical facets of spatial ecology. Tools to appraise human disturbance in wetlands and coastal waters are especially needed because the topographic settings of surface waters make them particularly susceptible to pollutant accumulation, hydrologic alteration, and other influences from the surrounding landscape. Assuming a water resources focus, we developed a novel geostatistical method to quantify and visualize edge effects and cumulative human disturbance for all wetlands and coastal waters in the State of Florida (USA). Model validation revealed that estimated disturbance intensity was strongly correlated to species richness, levels of heavy metal contamination, and persistent organic pollutant concentration. The presented modeling framework offers a flexible means to assess human disturbance across spatial scales and could be readily applied to prioritize conservation land acquisition and to anticipate future impacts from the proposed development.     

Three‐dimensional simulations of tensile cracks in geomaterials by coupling meshless and finite element method

Failure in geotechnical engineering is often related to tension‐induced cracking in geomaterials. In this paper, a coupled meshless method and FEM is developed to analyze the problem of three‐dimensional cracking. The radial point interpolation method (RPIM) is used to model cracks in the smeared crack framework with an isotropic damage model. The identification of the meshless region is based on the stress state computed by FEM, and the adaptive coupling of RPIM and FEM is achieved by a direct algorithm. Mesh‐bias dependency, which poses difficulties in FEM‐based cracking simulations, is circumvented by a crack tracking algorithm. The performance of our scheme is demonstrated by two numerical examples, that is, the four‐point bending test on concrete beam and the surface cracks caused by tunnel excavation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑扰动影响的土体小应变硬化模型参数试验研究及其在基坑工程中的应用

天然结构性土体容易受到各类施工扰动,导致土体物理力学性质改变,进而影响工程稳定、变形以及邻近环境。针对宁波两种典型土体,分别对原状土和轻、重扰动土以及重塑土开展了三轴试验及一维压缩试验,分析了扰动度对小应变硬化模型(HS-small model,简称HSS模型)主要参数的影响规律,并将其应用于宁波某基坑工程,利用Plaxis3D分析了考虑周边土体扰动影响的坑后土体水平位移变化。研究结果表明,扰动会使土体的强度及刚度参数降低。对于淤泥质黏土,轻扰动试样的参考切线模量E_oed^ref 、参考割线模量E₅₀^ref及参考加卸载模量E_ur^ref值分别降低14%、10%、2%,重扰动试样三参数分别降低43%、14%、15%,粉质黏土三参数也呈现相似降低趋势。在考虑土体扰动影响的情况下,基坑周边两个测斜孔的最大水平位移值分别增大13%、15%,更加接近实测值。研究结果可为小应变硬化模型的参数取值以及考虑扰动影响的基坑工程分析计算提供指导。     

富水粉土基坑装配式可回收支护开挖响应分析

装配式可回收支护结构为地下空间开发提供了一种经济安全、功能协同、可持续发展的新型绿色支护体系。以郑州市某顶管工作井基坑为背景,基于相似比理论开展了缩尺基坑模型试验,并采用ABAQUS建立能够区分支护系统中刚性构件与柔性构件变形差异的三维流固耦合模型,研究降水开挖过程中支护结构受力和变形特性,分析了降水和开挖对基坑变形发展的影响规律。研究表明：降水开挖过程中,支护结构受力及变形整体均小于设计值,但是钢面板在与支撑连接的位置易出现局部屈服现象;支护结构水平位移增量模式随降水施工和开挖施工的情况不同而差异较大,随着基坑降水开挖的进行,影响支护结构变形的主要因素由基坑降水逐渐向基坑开挖转变;基坑降水对地表沉降的影响较基坑开挖更大,第1级降水期间地表沉降快速增长,沉降增量占比最大达44.6%。     

旋挖钻机在人工开挖岩层矩形抗滑桩的应用

由于矩形抗滑桩自身抵抗弯矩最优的特殊性质,在岩土工程施工设计时被广泛采用。常规的矩形抗滑桩开挖只能采用人工开挖,效率低下,周期长,安全隐患大。在三星滴水岩滑坡路段恢复整治工程实践中,采用旋挖钻机来辅助开挖,极大地提高了开挖效率和缩短了人工井下作业周期,减少了安全隐患和风险,为以后类似项目安全和高效地施工提供了较好的参考价值。     

Human dignity: A fundamental guiding value for a human rights approach to fisheries?

Recently, a human rights approach has been center-staged within fisheries governance as a response to the limits of private property rights in reducing insecurity and vulnerability among fishers and fishing communities. Despite its growing adoption in international legal frameworks and among civil society organizations, the conceptual pitfalls of the human rights approach to fisheries (i.e., its neoliberal tendencies and the neglect of collective rights and social duties) raised by critical scholarship remain largely unsettled, leading to practical concerns about whether such a framework will ultimately benefit fishers on the ground. To further contribute to the debate, this article presents a nuanced discussion of the human rights perspective by introducing the concept of human dignity. Specifically, it argues that human dignity, with its greater conceptual scope and depth, could act as a foundational value with which to mitigate some of the shortcomings of the human rights approach. The purpose here is suggestive rather than definitive and is aimed at highlighting the link that has not been clearly made between human rights and human dignity. I argue that heightened attention to human dignity has the potential to create wider support for the human rights approach and ultimately help facilitate its efficacy in fisheries.