Anthropogenic threat assessment of marine-associated fauna in Spencer Gulf,South Australia

Assessing the vulnerability of species to [anthropogenic threats is an essential step when developing management strategies for wild populations. With industrial development forecasted to increase in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, it is crucial to assess the ongoing effects of anthropogenic threats to resident and migratory species. Expert elicitation was used to assess 27 threats against 38 threatened, protected, and iconic marine-associated species. Species and threat interactions were assessed individually, and as taxonomic or functional groups. Climate change had the greatest overall exposure (c.f. risk) across species, followed by disturbance, pollution, disease/invasive species, and fishing/aquaculture threats. The largest overall sensitivities (c.f. consequences) were pollution and disease/invasive species, followed by climate change, disturbance and fishing/aquaculture threats. Vulnerability scores (exposure x sensitivity) showed the climate change group posing the greatest overall threat in Spencer Gulf, with individual climatic threats ranking as three of the top four biggest threats to most animal groups. Noise, shipping, and net fishing were considered the greatest region-specific individual threats to marine mammals; as were trawl fishing, line fishing, and coastal activities to fish/cuttlefish; trawl fishing, line fishing, and net fishing to elasmobranchs; and oil spill, disease, and coastal activities to sea/shorebirds. Eighteen of the 20 highest vulnerability scores involved the short-beaked common dolphin, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, and Australian sea lion, highlighting the particular susceptibility of these species to specific threats. These findings provide a synthesis of key threats and vulnerable species, and give management a basis to direct future monitoring and threat mitigation efforts in the region.     

Response surface-based robust geotechnical design of supported excavation – spreadsheet-based solution

ABSTRACT

The robust geotechnical design (RGD) approach which involves optimization to obtain a design that is safe, cost-efficient, and robust in the face of uncertainties, can be computationally challenging for complex geotechnical structures. In this study, the RGD approach has become practical by introducing a response surface as a surrogate to finite element- or finite difference-based computer code that is used for analyzing the system, and developing a fast algorithm for the optimization process. For demonstration purposes, a real-world supported excavation project is designed using this modified RGD approach and it is compared with the one designed by a local expert.     

上海规范重力式围护墙稳定性若干问题探讨

重力式围护墙是软土地区常用的基坑支护形式,目前关于重力式围护墙的可靠度分析还不够完善,各因素对稳定性的影响机制等也存在一些疑问。以收集到的上海地区重力式围护墙实际工程为例进行可靠度分析,对水泥土重力式围护墙稳定性分析中的相关问题进行了探讨。分析结果表明,上海地区实际工程的设计安全水准通常高于规范规定值,其中水平滑动多为重力式围护工程稳定性验算的控制失效模式;通过提高插入比和墙体宽度可改善水泥土重力式围护基坑的抗倾覆、抗水平滑动稳定性的安全状态;对于整体稳定性,提高插入比较有效,墙体宽度的变化对其影响不敏感。     

基坑挡墙变位诱发地表沉陷的模型试验研究

针对刚性挡墙不同变位模式,对基坑开挖过程中地表沉陷规律进行模型试验研究。开展的模型试验分别模拟了挡墙在平移（T模式）、绕墙趾转动（RB模式）和绕墙顶转动（RT模式）3种基本刚性变位模式下诱发的墙后地表沉陷,得到了土体沉陷曲线的分布规律。结果表明,挡墙平移时,墙后地表沉降呈勺型分布,最大沉降紧靠墙背处;挡墙绕墙趾转动时,墙后地表沉降近似呈三角形分布,最大沉降紧靠墙背处;挡墙绕墙顶转动时,墙后地表沉降近似呈抛物线分布,最大沉降位于距墙背一定距离的位置处。挡墙变位距离相同时,对于绕墙趾和绕墙顶转动模式,墙后土体沉陷的面积基本相等,两者沉陷面积之和近似等于平移模式的土体沉陷面积,另外,挡墙变位面积与墙后土体沉陷面积也近乎一致。将试验观察的沉陷曲线与既有的解析解作了对比分析,验证了二者的一致性。     

排桩支护基坑的一种桩身位移及内力解析法推导及其应用

选取某一支护面上的任意一根桩为研究对象,设置一道支撑（或锚索或锚杆）及开挖至坑底,建立其受力平衡方程和位移协调方程。通过圈梁的协调作用,将研究对象扩大到整个支护面,推导出能够同时考虑开挖过程、支撑设置以及桩-土-圈梁共同作用的支护面位移和受力方程组,利用FORTRAN语言编制的程序求解,可计算出开挖至坑底工况下圈梁、桩身任一截面的内力、水平位移。通过算例计算圈梁（桩顶）的位移与监测位移及部分桩的内力,与文献[1]方法计算的内力进行对比分析,验证文中方法的合理与可行性。     

既有建筑物地下室增层开挖桩基屈曲稳定研究

既有建筑物地下室增层开挖可有效利用地下空间,是目前改善停车难问题的主要手段之一。既有建筑地下室增层开挖将改变原有桩基础的受力性状,从而可能引起原有桩基础屈曲失稳。提出一种预测地下室增层开挖既有桩基失稳的临界荷载及稳定计算长度的理论解法。首先,结合浙江饭店地下室增层开挖工程,简单介绍增层开挖方案。之后,通过Winkler弹性地基梁理论建立增层开挖工况下单桩基础桩-土体系总势能方程。最后,利用最小势能原理导得增层开挖工况下单桩基础屈曲失稳的临界荷载及稳定计算长度的表达式。在此基础上,研究了桩身临界荷载的影响因素。计算结果表明：随着半波数n的增加,既有桩基的临界荷载逐渐收敛;既有桩基的临界荷载随开挖深度的增大而急剧减小。分析结果可为类似地下室增层开挖工程的设计提供依据,减少开挖引起既有桩基础失稳隐患。     

Distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides residues in sediments and Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea

The distribution and bioaccumulation features of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs were investigated in the sediments and Manila clams collected from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea. The measured concentrations of ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs were 1.08–3.5, 0.12–0.35 and 0.090–0.30 ng g⁻¹ dw in sediment, and 33–390, 7.4–46 and 6.3–27 ng g⁻¹ lipid in Manila clam, respectively. Their levels were found to be relatively lower than those of other contaminated areas and the consumption of Manila clam from these areas seems to be safe for human health according to calculated lifetime cancer risk and hazard indices. The ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs concentrations in sediments showed a significant relationship to those in clams. The significant correlation was observed between BSAF in clams and K_ow for each PCB congeners and DDT metabolites. These findings support that the PCBs and DDTs levels, which are highly hydrophobic chemicals, in clam reflect the sediment pollution through bioaccumulation.     

近距离下穿在建地铁隧道施工爆破变形及控制方法研究

近距离爆破下穿尚未完成二衬的区间隧道是一种较为特殊的工况,涉及初支破坏、既有隧道下沉等诸多问题。以青岛地铁2号线近距离（250 mm）下穿刚完成初支的3号线隧道工程设计及施工为实例,通过在施工时采用自进式管棚、拱顶部位掏空、辅助中孔掏槽、对既有隧道施加张拉力、限载限行等多项措施,并根据类比给出合理的爆破振速控制指标,控制爆破振速及隧道变形。运用有限元分析软件MIDAS-GTS进行三维模型数值分析,揭示在建隧道爆破施工对既有隧道变形及内力变化规律。经过理论计算与实测分析,采取的各项措施能够达到预期的效果,3号线初支结构未见异常,其研究成果对特殊条件下的爆破下穿设计与施工具有参考价值。     

隧道穿越引起地下管线竖向位移的能量变分分析方法

隧道穿越引起的地层位移可能造成地下管线变形过大或断裂等事故,引起工程界的高度关注。基于假定的地下管线竖向位移分布模式,通过能量方法建立变分控制方程,提出了求解隧道穿越地下管线竖向位移的能量变分解法,运用叠加原理将单线隧道解答延拓至双线隧道中。与离心机试验和工程实例的对比,验证了方法的正确性。通过参数计算,分析了管材弹性模量、管线埋深、地层损失率等相关因素对地下管线竖向位移的影响规律,研究结论具有工程参考价值。     

既有桩基荷载对邻近浅埋隧道开挖效应及支护内力影响的研究

建立了包括地层模型、桩基荷载模型、浅埋隧道开挖模型和支护模型以及桩基荷载、地层压力、地层沉降、支护应变量测装置的平面应变模型试验系统;通过模型试验,研究了不同水平、竖向相对位置处的既有桩基荷载对附近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力的影响特征。另外,采用FLAC3D软件,对模型试验及不同工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明：（1）与没有桩基荷载的自由地层中的隧道开挖试验相比较,地层中的既有桩基荷载会明显地改变邻近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力;（2）对于桩径和水平相对距离都相同,但桩长不同的桩基荷载,桩长与隧道埋深比值为1.0时,对隧道开挖效应影响最大,二者比值小于1.0时,其影响程度随着比值的减小而减小,二者比值大于1.0时,桩长的改变对隧道开挖效应影响较小;（3）对于桩径和桩长都相同的桩基荷载,对地层压力、地层沉降及支护内力的影响随桩基荷载与隧道的水平距离的减小而增大,桩基荷载距隧道的水平距离与隧道直径比值介于0.5～4.0时,桩基荷载对隧道开挖效应影响较大,隧道较危险,比值介于4.0～6.0时,影响较小,比值＞6.0时,影响可以忽略不计。