Results from a Multi-disciplinary Sedimentary Pilot Study of Tectonic Lake Iznik (NW Turkey) – Geochemistry and Paleolimnology of the Recent Past

A limnogeological reconnaissance study was carried out on Lake Iznik, located in the southeast of the Marmara region of Turkey, involving a seismic survey and collection of short sediment cores. This lake is located on the middle branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), a transform plate boundary between the Eurasian and Anatolian Plates. It is, therefore, tectonically active and offers an opportunity to investigate the interplay of sedimentary and seismo-tectonic processes, as well as climate change and human impact in the region. Short cores of the three sub-basins, maximum length of 35.5 cm, recovered non-laminated, blackish clays and silts with varying amounts of biogenic and minerogenic (allochthonous, autochthonous) material, which documented almost the last 80 years of deposition and environmental history. High sedimentation rates in the deeper core sections are accompanied by changes in land use (conversion of woodland to farmland) in the northern areas of Lake Iznik, which caused the deposition of more weathered material (high K/Na ratios) and higher contents of Mn in the lake. A tendency towards eutrophic conditions within the last 20 years is indicated by high nutrient content (N, TOC, P), decreasing C/N-ratios, and characteristic diatom and cladoceran associations. Also increased pollution is revealed by higher Pb, Cu, and Zn contents and increased supply of human and animal faeces (high coprostanol content) during the last two decades. But simultaneous lower sedimentation rates towards the core tops complicate the reconstruction of recent and past eutrophication and pollution states of Lake Iznik. This requires an extension of the pilot study and deeper sediment cores, to recover non-anthropogenic influenced sediment levels.     

土钉墙技术在长春市北方大厦基坑工程中的应用实践

结俣长春市北方大厦基坑支护工程实际，着重介绍了土钉墙支护方案的设计，施工及应用情况，为土钉墙支护技术在长春市深基开挖工程中的推广应用积累了经验。     

区域环境变迁与持续发展的互动关系

区域历史进程中持续发展与环境变迁表现出了复杂的互动关系，两种动态过程紧密地交织在一起，通过人类活动互相作用，互相影响，持续发展，环境变迁与人类活动的内容在不同时代表现出不同的主题，并受到自然和人为因素的调节与控制，文中还简要阐明了当代可持续发展的主题，指出解决PRED问题要注意控制人口数量，提高人口素质；消除贫困，达到全球环境共有共治共保共享。     

Natural environmental changes and human impact reflected in sediments of a high alpine lake in Switzerland

From the high alpine Sägistalsee (1935 m a.s.l.), 13.50 m of continuously laminated sediments comprising the last 9050 years, were analyzed. Even though Sägistalsee is a high elevation site, human-induced environmental changes start as early as 4300 cal. BP and leave a clearly detectable signal in the mineralogy of the sediments, which is much stronger than the signal from natural environmental changes that occurred before this time. Variations in the physical and mineralogical sediment properties of this clastic sequence reflect erosional changes in the catchment, where almost pure limestone contrasts with carbonaceous, quartz-bearing marl, and shist. The calcite/quartz (Cc/Qz) ratio was found to be most indicative of these changes, which occurred around AD 1850 and at 650, 2000, 3700, and 6400 cal. BP. The first four are interpreted as erosion events, which are related to human-induced changes in the vegetation cover and land use. We associate them to the recent development of tourism and grazing, the medieval intensification of pasturing, Roman forest clearance, and Bronze Age forest clearance, respectively. The Cc/Qz-ratio increases significantly within less than 100 years during these events, reflecting the erosion of unweathered or poorly weathered soils. The time intervals in between are characterized by a gradually decreasing Cc/Qz-ratio and reflect the stabilization or formation of new soils. Only the change at 6400 cal. BP, which represents the initial gradual stabilization of the catchment, is related to the immigration of Picea abies.     

晚更新世以来青海北部的人类活动与湖泊演变

作为高海拔生态环境的青海北部是青藏高原的重要组成部分。晚更新世晚期以来 ,青海北部气候环境一直处于冷暖、干湿波动过程之中 ,湖泊水域也发生了相应的扩张和收缩 ,成为高原人类迁移和发展的自然背景。约 3 0kaB .P .,在晚期智人出现和迁徙的关键时期 ,青海北部开始有了最早的人类活动 ;更新世末—全新世初 ,气候转暖 ,古人类再次来到青海北部 ;进入全新世中期 ,气候暖湿 ,湖水位回升 ,细石器技术变得十分普通 ,青海北部的人类活动渐趋频繁。     

地铁基坑支护方案的模糊评价

根据地匠深基坑支护工程的特点，建立支护方案的指标体系，运用层次分析法确定了指标的权重，采用模糊数学的方法，构造了单极模糊评价模型，将指标因素的不确定性进行定量化。实例分析表明，模糊综合评价进行深基坑支护方案优选的方法是可行的、有效的。     

深基坑复合喷锚支护技术探讨

工程实践表明,复合喷锚支护是一种有效的深基坑支护型式,它可用于土层条件差、安全性要求高、变形控制严格的基坑工程中。复合支护中锚杆为主要受力构件,竖向花管为辅助受力构件,可起到限制、减小土体变形的作用。由于竖向注浆花管的加入,花管及注浆体抗剪作用加强,使基坑的整体稳定性得以大幅度提高。探讨了复合喷锚支护整体稳定性分析方法,建议将滑动区域分为加固土和原土两部分,将锚管注浆形成的注浆体等效为一层加固土,按喷锚支护模型计算复合喷锚支护整体稳定性。     

人类活动中温室气体的排放对气温影响综述

本文广泛参阅了国内外科学家的研究成果，综合论述分析了几种主要温室气体的源、汇及其浓度变化特征，研究分析了其增暖潜力，温室效应的强度和对人类社会各方面的影响，提出人类为保护自身的生存环境，必须严格控制温室气体的排放量。     

宁夏灵盐地区荒漠化灾害与农牧业持续发展

分析了宁夏灵盐地区荒漠化灾害过程中自然环境与人力活动的相互作用，并讨论了区域农牧业经济发展的“退耕还牧”治沙等社会问题。在第四纪地质时期荒漠化的发生发展是一种“气候－地貌”的自然过程；在人类历史时期是气候主控下人为叠加干扰的“自然－人为”地貌过程。自然环境与人为活动具有使荒漠化发生正向或逆转变化的双重机制。     

锚杆在坡残积土中锚固机理的探讨

根据深圳市文锦广场深基坑喷锚支护及锚杆拉拔试验成果，探讨砂浆锚杆和摩擦锚杆在坡残积土中的锚固机理，认为砂浆锚杆锚固力主要取决于砂浆与坡残积土的一系列物理化学作用；摩擦锚杆锚固力主要取决于锚杆与土体间的摩擦力。