松嫩平原一次夏季暴雨机理分析

利用气象观测资料和美国NCEP分析资料,研究2006年夏季一次松嫩平原暴雨的特点与成因。结果表明：强雨区始终位于高空西北风急流出口区左侧与西南风急流后方;500 hPa西风槽配合850 hPa低涡东移,蒙古锋面气旋强烈发展,地面倒槽接近东北平原;低空急流出现在最强降雨之后。暴雨之前齐齐哈尔单站K指数、可降水量以及湿理查逊数负值达到最大值;暴雨之后A指数、中高层平均比湿与相对湿度达到最大值;暴雨水汽源地位于超强台风桑美外围东海到日本以南洋面上;强降雨以前低层水汽平流辐合较强,强降雨时水汽辐合高层以平流辐合为主、低层则以风场辐合为主。     

松嫩平原西部土地利用变化及沙漠化响应——以黑龙江泰来县为例

以松嫩平原西部的典型沙漠化区泰来县为例,利用遥感、地理信息系统和野外调查获取了3期土地利用和沙漠化分布数据,分析了土地利用变化及其沙漠化动态响应。结果表明:①土地利用程度变化大多趋于加重趋势,其中1986~2000年加重趋势迅猛,2000~2005年加重趋势有所减缓;②沙漠化土地面积总体趋势逐渐增加,前期以40.7hm²/a的速度增加,后期以8hm²/a的速度增加,增加速度明显减慢,其中低覆盖度草地和林地发生沙化的几率最高;③土地利用方式未变化的土地以沙漠化减轻为主,而土地利用方式发生变化的土地,前期以沙漠化加重为主,后期以减轻为主,与土地利用程度变化相一致。     

三江平原沼泽土中多环芳烃分布及火烧的影响

为了研究三江平原沼泽土中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布,采用气相色谱—质谱法(GC-MS)对沼泽土中16种优控多环芳烃污染物进行分析。结果表明,该区沼泽土中共检测出萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘8种PAHs,其总含量为365.4～975.4ng/g,平均值为(850.7±126.2)ng/g。与中国东北其他地区沼泽土相比,其低于长白山和大兴安岭摩天岭雨养泥炭沼泽土中的PAHs含量。检测出的PAHs以低环为主,在不同成分中萘、芴、菲的含量较高;不同采样点中,有火烧迹象沼泽土中的PAHs含量高于无火烧迹象的沼泽土。为验证火烧的影响,进行了土壤热处理后PAHs变化的试验,结果显示,经热处理后的沼泽土中PAHs的总量及各成分的含量均高于未经热处理的沼泽土。火烧是影响三江平原沼泽土中PAHs含量的重要因素之一。     

Changes of soil labile organic carbon in different land uses in Sanjiang Plain,Heilongjiang Province

In the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,the natural wetland is undergoing a rapid conversion into agricultural land,which has resulted in drastic ecological changes in the region. To investigate the effects of different land uses on soil labile organic carbon,soils of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland,Carex lasiocarpa wetland,dry farmland,paddy field,forest land and abandoned cultivated land were collected for measuring the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC),dissolved organic carbon (DOC),readil...     

Assessment of shallow groundwater vulnerability in Dahei River Plain based on AHP and DRASTIC

Based on the special hydrogeological conditions of the Dahei River Plain in the Inner Mongolia area, assessment of shallow groundwater vulnerability is conducted based on DRASTIC model. Each evaluation indicator weight is determined by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The most important indicators are lithology in soil media and vadose zone. Assessment model of shallow groundwater vulnerability of the Dahei River plain is constructed. Distribution map of vulnerability index in this area is made with the spatial analysis function of ARCGIS. The results show that the particularly sensitive area is the piedmont of the Daqing Mountain, where the upstream place of the groundwater and the south-central place of the plain has the lowest vulnerability. The assessment results are more in accordance with the actual vulnerability conditions of this area by using analytic hierarchy process, and is helpful for groundwater protection.     

安徽淮北平原冬小麦气候适宜度分析及作物年景评估

选取安徽省淮北平原37个气象站1960-2016年逐日气象资料,构建气温、降水、日照及气候适宜度模型,分析气候变暖背景下冬小麦气候适宜度时空演变特征,揭示冬小麦生育期气候风险,评判农业气候年景。结果表明：淮北平原冬小麦不同生育期对气候因子适宜程度不同,单要素各生育期适宜度均为灌浆-乳熟期较高,返青-拔节期较低,其中降水适宜度分蘖期最低;全生育期温度适宜度最高、日照适宜度次之、降水适宜度最低,水分是冬小麦生长的限制因子。气候综合适宜度灌浆-乳熟期最高,分蘖期降水适宜度最低,并且其序列变异系数大,常遭遇秋冬连旱,引起产量波动;全生育期气候适宜度呈东高西低分布,淮北中东部较高,而淮北西部及沿淮地区较低,冬小麦生产风险相对较高。1961-2016年全生育期温度适宜度线性增大趋势显著,降水适宜度线性趋势不明显,而日照适宜度呈显著的线性减小趋势;综合来看,全生育期气候适宜度无明显线性增减趋势,空间上淮北东部略有增大,而西部及沿淮地区略有减小,气候风险增加。淮北平原多数年份气候适宜度适中,适宜性偏差年发生概率高于偏好年。基于气候适宜度评判冬小麦气候年景等级,评估结果与实际产量增减情况基本相符,表明农业气候年景模型评估精度能满足业务服务需求,具有推广应用价值。     

氮肥对三江平原沼泽土氧化CH4的影响

三江平原新鲜沼泽土添加不同量的NH₄HCO₃后,在25°C下进行了6次连续培养。首次在大气浓度CH₄(约1.8 μl/l)中培养时,供试沼泽土氧化大气CH₄速率与NH₄HCO₃的加入量成反比,表明NH₄⁺最初抑制沼泽土氧化大气浓度CH₄。第1次用高浓度CH₄(约8 000 μl/l)培养沼泽土时,铵态氮抑制供试沼泽土氧化高浓度CH₄,但随着培养的继续,铵态氮的抑制作用逐渐减弱,最终转变为促进供试沼泽土氧化高浓度CH₄。经过高浓度CH₄培养后,添加NH₄HCO₃的供试沼泽土氧化大气CH₄速率上升2.6~5倍,且与NH₄HCO₃的加入量呈正相关,表明铵态氮肥最初对沼泽土氧化CH₄的抑制作用已经转变为促进作用。铵态氮对沼泽土氧化大气浓度CH₄和高浓度CH₄的抑制作用都是短暂的,其长期作用将是促进沼泽土氧化CH₄。     

关于河北平原区深层地下水资源属性的探讨

以河北平原为例,采用同位素、地下水资源评价和地下水水位动态3种思路分析了深层地下水资源属性。根据实测地面沉降量反求深层地下水储存资源量的构成,确定了在以往的深层地下水资源计算时储存资源量少计算了32.77%,弹性释放系数比以往的数据大;根据深层地下水动态特征,分析认为深层地下水资源在同一水文年内可以得到部分恢复,在深层地下水降落漏斗区地下水循环速率将加大,并根据沉积学的观点,认为河北平原含水层在各期古河道带交叉重叠部位或在重叠部位附近可能是连通的,浅层地下水可以沿着各期古河道带沉积的砂性土构成的含水层向下补给深层地下水,其补给量远大于通过巨厚的黏性土层向深层地下水的越流补给。     

基于沉积物物质来源的地下水化学特征分析:以北京市平原区为例

沉积物物质来源不同,其沉积环境和沉积特征不同,其地球化学特征、水动力体系和地下水循环响应不同。文中以北京市平原区为例,通过沉积物物质来源分析,研究浅层地下水化学分布特征。首先根据地下水系统分区进行取样和实验,采用矿物组合、风化强度及相关分析等多种方法综合分析北京市平原区沉积物的物质来源及其组合特征,多种方法分析结论一致,即北京平原区的主要物质来源:一是流经燕山山地花岗岩变质岩区的潮白河系统,一是流经西山山地石灰岩区的永定河系统;而两系统中、下部是多期物源多层交叠、纵横交错沉积形成的。其次在物源分析基础上通过水质分析研究两系统剖面上地下水水化学特征,即两系统剖面地下水化学类型主要为HCO3--Ca.Mg型水;但永定河系统的溶解性总固体、阴阳离子浓度均大于潮白河系统,这与两剖面所在系统物源分析的结果相吻合,即分析结果表明物源的沉积环境及沉积组合特征决定了系统的地下水化学特征。     

Hydraulic characteristics of a small Coastal Plain stream of the southeastern United States: effects of hydrology and season

Various physical and biological properties affect solute transport patterns in streams. We measured hydraulic characteristics of Payne Creek, a low‐gradient upper Coastal Plain stream, using tracer experiments and parameter estimation with OTIS‐P (one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage with parameter optimization). The primary objective of this study was to estimate the effects of varying discharge, season, and litter accumulation on hydraulic parameters. Channel area A ranged from 0·081 to 0·371 m² and transient storage area A_s ranged from 0·027 to 0·111 m². Dispersion D ranged from 1·5 to 11·1 m² min⁻¹ and exchange coefficient α ranged from 0·009 to 0·038 min⁻¹. Channel area and dispersion were positively correlated to discharge Q, whereas storage area and exchange coefficient were not. Relative storage size A_s/A ranged from 0·17 to 0·59, and was higher during fall than other seasons under a similar Q. The fraction of median travel time due to transient storage ranged from 8·8 to 34·5% and was significantly correlated with Q through a negative power function. Both metrics indicated that transient storage was a significant component affecting solute transport in Payne Creek, especially during the fall. Comparison between the measured channel area A_c and A suggested that surface storage was dominant in Payne Creek. During fall, accumulation of leaf litter resulted in larger A and A_s and lower velocity and D than during other seasons with similar discharge. Seasonal changes in discharge and organic matter accumulation, and dynamic channel morphology affected the magnitude of transient storage and overall hydraulic characteristics of Payne Creek. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.