关于岩石微量元素构造环境判别图解使用的有关问题

针对目前应用愈来愈广泛的不同岩石,特别是岩浆岩的微量元素构造环境判别图解使用过程中存在的问题,从这些判别图解建立的原理,介绍了微量元素构造环境判别图解的使用原则。强调指出所采集的样品必须新鲜(无蚀变或极弱蚀变)、非堆晶的岩石;选择的判别图解必须与判别的岩石类型相一致,即对花岗岩类要用花岗岩的判别图解,不能用玄武岩的判别图解;对特殊类型岩石要选择专门用于该类型岩石的判别图解,如碱性花岗岩,钾质火成岩;要应用多种图解综合判断;不能用单个样品,而应作多个样品分析;要注意所选择判别图解的特别说明等。此外,一些构造环境判别图解还能给出岩石的成岩过程和源区。     

西南某水电站坝区岩体绿泥石化蚀变及其工程对策

西南某水电站坝区地质史上构造-热液活动复杂,岩体绿泥石化程度较高。经调查研究表明,坝区岩体绿泥石化蚀变既有热液成因,又有构造动力成因,其分布受岩性、构造、应力集中和浅表风化作用影响,在辉绿岩脉中蚀变强度最高,花岗岩中蚀变最强处往往远离断层分布,整体上由地表及深部,蚀变变弱。受蚀变影响,岩体总体性状变差,表现为变形模量偏低,结构面性状恶化。文章初步讨论了绿泥石化蚀变可能引起的主要工程地质问题及其工程对策。     

湖南道县大坳岩体型钨锡矿床地质特征与成因探讨

大坳岩体型钨锡矿床赋存于金鸡岭复式花岗岩体内。通过矿床成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征的阐述,运用Pb、S、H、O同位素测试成果,探讨了矿床成因,初步总结了矿床成因模式。认为该矿床是与区内多期次构造活动和岩浆脉动侵位、演化有关。矿床形成温度为260～340℃,成矿热液盐度为0.88%～11.22%,成矿压力为862×105Pa,成矿深度为2～3km。矿床属中—高温交代成因矿床。     

西昆仑康西瓦北侧蒙古包—普守—带早古生代花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U—Pb测年

依据1:25万康西瓦幅区域地质调查成果,重点对西昆仑康西瓦北侧蒙古包—普守一带早古生代花岗岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学及同位素年代学进行了综合研究。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,该花岗岩为高钾钙碱性花岗岩类,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为443.1 Ma±2.3Ma和430.7Ma±2,6Ma,形成时代为晚奥陶世—早志留世。该成果的获得,为进一步系统地研究蒙古包—普守早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带及与其配套的早古生代花岗岩提供了直接的时代证据,为进一步深入地研究西昆仑造山带的地质构造演化提供了新的实际资料。     

Oxidized, magnetite-series, rapakivi-type granites of Carajás, Brazil: Implications for classification and petrogenesis of A-type granites

The varying geochemical and petrogenetic nature of A-type granites is a controversial issue. The oxidized, magnetite-series A-type granites, defined by Anderson and Bender [Anderson, J.L., Bender, E.E., 1989. Nature and origin of Proterozoic A-type granitic magmatism in the southwestern United States of America. Lithos 23, 19–52.], are the most problematic as they do not strictly follow the original definition of A-type granites, and approach calc-alkaline and I-type granites in some aspects. The oxidized Jamon suite A-type granites of the Carajás province of the Amazonian craton are compared with the magnetite-series granites of Laurentia, and other representative A-type granites, including Finnish rapakivi and Lachlan Fold Belt A-type granites, as well as with calc-alkaline, I-type orogenic granites. The geochemistry and petrogenesis of different groups of A-types granites are discussed with an emphasis on oxidized A-type granites in order to define their geochemical signatures and to clarify the processes involved in their petrogenesis. Oxidized A-type granites are clearly distinguished from calc-alkaline Cordilleran granites not only regarding trace element composition, as previously demonstrated, but also in their major element geochemistry. Oxidized A-type granites have high whole-rock FeO_t/(FeO_t + MgO), TiO₂/MgO, and K₂O/Na₂O and low Al₂O₃ and CaO compared to calc-alkaline granites. The contrast of Al₂O₃ contents in these two granite groups is remarkable. The CaO/(FeO_t + MgO + TiO₂) vs. CaO + Al₂O₃ and CaO/(FeO_t + MgO + TiO₂) vs. Al₂O₃ diagrams are proposed to distinguish A-type and calc-alkaline granites. Whole-rock FeO_t/(FeO_t + MgO) and the FeO_t/(FeO_t + MgO) vs. Al₂O₃ and FeO_t/(FeO_t + MgO) vs. Al₂O₃/(K₂O/Na₂O) diagrams are suggested for discrimination of oxidized and reduced A-type granites. Experimental data indicate that, besides pressure, the nature of A-type granites is dependent of ƒO₂ conditions and the water content of magma sources. Oxidized A-type magmas are considered to be derived from melts with appreciable water contents (≥ 4 wt.%), originating from lower crustal quartz-feldspathic igneous sources under oxidizing conditions, and which had clinopyroxene as an important residual phase. Reduced A-type granites may be derived from quartz-feldspathic igneous sources with a metasedimentary component or, alternatively, from differentiated tholeiitic sources. The imprint of the different magma sources is largely responsible for the geochemical and petrological contrasts between distinct A-type granite groups. Assuming conditions near the NNO buffer as a minimum for oxidized granites, magnetite-bearing granites formed near FMQ buffer conditions are not stricto sensu oxidized granites and a correspondence between oxidized and reduced A-type granites and, respectively, magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granites is not always observed.     

Petrogenesis of A-type granites and origin of vertical zoning in the Katharina pluton, Gebel Mussa (Mt. Moses) area, Sinai, Egypt

The central pluton within the Neoproterozoic Katharina Ring Complex (area of Gebel Mussa, traditionally believed to be the biblical Mt. Sinai) shows a vertical compositional zoning: syenogranite makes up the bulk of the pluton and grades upwards to alkali-feldspar granites. The latters form two horizontal subzones, an albite–alkali feldspar (Ab–Afs) granite and an uppermost perthite granite. These two varieties are chemically indistinguishable. Syenogranite, as compared with alkali-feldspar granites, is richer in Ca, Sr, K, Ba and contains less SiO₂, Rb, Y, Nb and U; Eu/Eu* values are 0.22–0.33 for syenogranite and 0.08–0.02 for alkali-feldspar granites. The δ¹⁸O (Qtz) is rather homogeneous throughout the pluton, 8.03–8.55‰. The δ¹⁸O (Afs) values in the syenogranite are appreciably lower relative to those in the alkali–feldspar granites: 7.59–8.75‰ vs. 8.31–9.12‰. A Rb–Sr isochron (n = 9) yields an age of 593 ± 16 Ma for the Katharina Ring Complex (granite pluton and ring dikes).

The alkali–feldspar granites were generated mainly by fractional crystallization of syenogranite magma. The model for residual melt extraction and accumulation is based on the estimated extent of crystallization ( 50 wt.%), which approximates the rigid percolation threshold for silicic melts. The fluid-rich residual melt could be separated efficiently by its upward flow through the rigid clusters of crystal phase. Crystallization of the evolved melt started with formation of hypersolvus granite immediately under the roof. Fluid influx from the inner part of the pluton to its apical zone persisted and caused increase of P_H2O in the magma below the perthite granite zone. Owing to the presence of F and Ca in the melt, P_H2O of only slightly more than 1 kbar allows crystallization of subsolvus Ab–Afs granite. Abundance of turbid alkali feldspars and their ¹⁸O/¹⁶O enrichment suggest that crystallization of alkali-feldspar granites was followed by subsolvus fluid–rock interaction; the δ¹⁸O (Fsp) values point to magmatic origin of fluids.

The stable and radiogenic isotope data [δ¹⁸O (Zrn) = 5.82 ± 0.06‰, I_Sr = 0.7022 ± 0.0064, ε_Nd (T) values are + 3.6 and + 3.9] indicate that the granite magma was generated from a ‘juvenile’ source, which is typical of the rocks making up most of the Arabian–Nubian shield.     

阿尔金断裂南侧吐拉铝质A型花岗岩的特征及构造环境

吐拉花岗岩体位于阿尔金断裂南侧吐拉以东40km处。岩石化学以富Si高K、低Mg贫Ca、偏铝质及TFeO/MgO比值很高为特点,A/CNK比值为0.918～0.969。岩石稀土元素总量高,强烈富集HFSE,明显亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,稀土元素配分模式为典型的"右倾海鸥型",属于偏铝质A型花岗岩,进一步分析属A2(PA)亚型岩体。该花岗岩形成于中泥盆世末期造山后的伸展环境,这一环境很可能与同期阿尔金断裂左行走滑引起的拉分作用有关。     

磷灰石单晶体同步辐射X射线荧光探针成分分析

采用同步辐射X荧光（SRXRF）探针技术对河北峪耳崖和甘肃大水两地花岗岩中单颗粒磷灰石的化学成分进行了分析。结果显示，磷灰石含有P、Cl、S、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Gd、Yb、Sr、Y、Zr、U、Th等多种元素，峪耳崖磷灰石富含Mn、Fe，大水磷灰石则富含As。峪耳崖花岗岩为S型，大水花岗岩为Ⅰ型，两地磷灰石在稀土元素（REE）含量上具有明显差别：大水磷灰石呈右倾的REE配分模式和明显的轻稀土（LREE）富集；而峪耳崖呈现上凸的REE配分模式和LREE亏损。依据磷灰石的REE配分模式可有效地区分不同类型的花岗岩，以此作为花岗岩岩浆演化的指示。     

藏南过铝花岗岩中电气石的矿物化学特征及成因意义

讨论了藏南过铝花岗岩中电气石的地质产状、矿物学和矿物化学特征。结果表明:(1)在以氧原子数为24.5计算的化学式中,电气石的(Fe+Mg)/Mg比值在2.32~5.37之间,指示花岗岩和伟晶岩中的电气石均为黑电气石系列,而且属镁电气石—铁电气石系列中的较富铁电气石的成员;(2)电气石的FeO/(FeO+MgO)值高达0.70~0.89,与贫Li花岗岩接近,Al-Al50Fe50-Al50Mg50图解和Fe-Mg-Ca图解投点均位于贫Li花岗岩区,属于贫Li花岗岩有关的电气石;(3)TiO2-MnO/CaO-MgO/FeO三元图解可判定属于第Ⅰ类,即MgO和FeO含量同步消长,且较贫Mg富Fe,而MnO和TiO2含量为异步消长,这与电气石的FeO/(FeO+MgO)值所反映的性质相同;(4)地质产状、矿物学及矿物化学揭示的成因信息表明藏南过铝花岗岩中的电气石为酸性侵入体岩浆期后热液成因。     

北秦岭两河口岩体的地球化学特征及其成因

北秦岭西段新元古代两河口岩体,岩性为眼球状片麻状二长花岗岩,含少量黑云母、角闪石及榍石,属钾质钙碱性花岗岩类;主量元素SiO_2=68.48%～72.45%,K_2O/Na_2O=1.35～2.07,为钾质;在K_2O-SiO_2关系图上投入高钾钙碱性区;A/CNK介于1.03～1.31,总体为钾质钙碱性弱过铝质花岗岩。岩石富集LILE元素(K、Th、Rb、Ba等),亏损HFSE元素(Ta、Nb、Y、Yb等);稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=126.82×10~(-6)～267.359×10~(-6)),轻重稀土强烈分馏(∑LREE/∑HREE= 5.447～8.894),稀土元素分配模式为轻稀土富集型,具中等程度Eu负异常(δEu=0.417～0.621)。微量、稀土元素分配模式与北秦岭东部的碰撞型德河岩体、寨根岩体及牛角山岩体一致。Pb-Sr-Nd同位素组成具低的ε_(Nd)=-3.9180～-6.0064、较高的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)=0.70760～0.71675、富放射性成因Pb同位素组成,模式年龄t_(DM)=1849.73～2022.79Ma,指示两河口岩体源岩特征与秦岭岩群、马衔山群相近,岩浆源区为下地壳成因。结合区域资料,认为两河口岩体形成于同碰撞末期—后碰撞初期的构造转换时期;这一认识细化了北秦岭新元古代碰撞造山过程;其所确立的汇聚碰撞时间与我国晋宁运动时限一致;为研究中国古陆块在新元古代时期汇聚时限、过程、方式及Rodinia超大陆事件在秦岭地区的响应提供了重要证据。