近距离重叠隧道盾构施工的纵向效应及对策研究

上下重叠隧道施工时,后挖隧道施工过程对先建隧道是一种“卸载”作用,受此影响,先建隧道的衬砌管片将朝后挖隧道方向变形,但这种影响作用是暂时的。以深圳地铁3号线老街站-晒布路站区间重叠隧道工程为背景,采用三维有限元数值计算和室内离心模型试验相结合的手段,对上部隧道（后挖隧道）施工引起的下方已建隧道纵向变位进行了研究。结果表明,后挖隧道施工引起的先建隧道不均匀沉降主要出现在约掌子面前方3.5D（D为隧道直径）到后方3D的范围内。基于此,探讨了应对这种暂时纵向效应的对策措施,主要包括临时压重和临时内撑。在先建隧道位于掌子面后方(0~1)D、(1~2)D、(2~3)D范围内分别设置20 t/3 m、20 t/6 m、20 t/9 m的临时压重,且在掌子面前方4D和后方4D范围内为先建隧道设置临时内撑,可以较好地减小由于后挖隧道施工引起的先建隧道附加不均匀变形。     

P–T–X relationships in the Precambrian Al–Mg-rich granulites from In Ouzzal, Hoggar, Algeria

The Al–Mg-rich granulites from the In Ouzzal craton, Algeria, show a great diversity of mineral reactions which correspond to continuous equilibria as predicted by phase relationships in the FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system. The sequence of mineral reactions can be subdivided into three distinct stages: (1) a high-P stage characterized by the growth of coarse mineral assemblages involving sapphirine and the disappearance of early corundum and spinel-bearing assemblages; (2) a high-T stage characterized by the development of Sa–Qz-bearing assemblages; and (3) a later stage, in which garnet-bearing assemblages are replaced by more or less fine symplectites involving cordierite. During the course of early mineral reactions, the distribution coefficient, K_d, between the various ferromagnesian phases decreased significantly whereas Al₂O₃ in pyroxene increased concomitantly. These observations, when combined with topological constraints, clearly indicate that the high-P stage 1 was accompanied by a significant rise in temperature (estimated at 150 ± 50° C) under near isobaric conditions, in agreement with the reaction textures. By stage 2, pressure and temperature were extreme as evidenced by the low K_d value between orthopyroxene and garnet (K_d= 2.06–1.99), the high alumina content in pyroxene (up to 11.8%) and the high magnesium content in garnet [100 Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 60.6]. Mineral thermometry based on Fe–Mg exchange between garnet and pyroxene and on Al-solubility in pyroxene gives temperatures close to 970 ± 70° C at 10 ± 1.5 kbar. These results are in agreement with the development of Sa–Qz assemblages on a local scale. Late mineral reactions have been produced during a decompression stage from about 9 to 6 kbar. Except for local re-equilibration of Mg and Fe at grain boundaries, there is no evidence for further reactions below 700° C. We interpreted the whole set of mineral reactions as due to changes in pressure and temperature during a tectonic episode located at c. 2 Ga. Because of the lack of evidence for further uplift after the thermal relaxation which occurred at c. 6 kbar, it is possible however that the exhumation of this granulitic terrane occurred in a later tectonic event unrelated to its formation.     

Accuracy of tretyakov precipitation gauge: Result of wmo intercomparison

The Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge has been used historically as the official precipitation measurement instrument in the Russian (formerly the USSR) climatic and hydrological station network and in a number of other European countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of this gauge were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 11 stations in Canada, the USA, Russia, Germany, Finland, Romania and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison. The Intercomparison data collected at the different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (measured/DFIR) for the same gauge, when compared using mean wind speed at the height of the gauge orifice during the observation period. The Intercomparison data for the Tretyakov gauge were compiled from measurements made at these WMO intercomparison sites. These data represent a variety of climates, terrains and exposures. The effects of environmental factors, such as wind speed, wind direction, type of precipitation and temperature, on gauge catch ratios were investigated. Wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining the gauge catch and air temperature had a secondary effect when precipitation was classified into snow, mixed and rain. The results of the analysis of gauge catch ratio versus wind speed and temperature on a daily time step are presented for various types of precipitation. Independent checks of the correction equations against the DFIR have been conducted at those Intercomparison stations and a good agreement (difference less than 10%) has been obtained. The use of such adjustment procedures should significantly improve the accuracy and homogeneity of gauge-measured precipitation data over large regions of the former USSR and central Europe.     

Hydration of orthopyroxene–cordierite-bearing assemblages at Laouni, Central Hoggar, Algeria

In the Laouni region (Central Hoggar, Algeria), retrogression of high-grade orthopyroxene–cordierite-bearing rocks led to the crystallization of orthoamphibole and garnet, and at a later stage of chlorite, from the original paragenesis. Calculated phase diagrams show that this retrogression occurred at about 3  kbar with the simplest model involving hydration at 650–700°  C and at around 500°  C, with the rocks experiencing a H₂O less than 1, except possibly in the last stages of chlorite crystallization. As the other rock types occurring in the same area as the orthopyroxene–cordierite rocks display similar features, it is concluded that regional hydration occurred, presumably related to the release of fluids during the crystallization of the Pan-African granitic and mafic magmas that are widespread in the Laouni area.     

Magnetics in geoexploration

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to within the uppermost meter of soil. Successful applications of the magnetic method require an in-depth understanding of its basic principles and careful field work, data reduction, and interpretation. Commonly, interpretations are limited to qualitative approaches which simply map the spatial location of anomalous subsurface conditions, but under favourable circumstances the technological status of the method will permit more quantitative interpretations involving specification of the nature of the anomalous sources. No other geophysical method provides critical input to such a wide variety of problems. However, seldom does the magnetic method provide the complete answer to an investigation problem. As a result, it is generally used in concert with other geophysical and geological data to limit its interpretational ambiguities.     

盾尾非对称推力作用下盾构隧道纵向变形分析

盾构机在沿曲线掘进或轴线纠偏过程中,盾尾非对称推力会在管片端部产生附加弯矩,从而引起隧道发生纵向变形。现有解析方法多是将盾构隧道简化为等效连续梁,不能考虑隧道管片环间接头的弱化。首先,建立一种能够同时考虑环间张开和剪切错台的简化纵向梁-弹簧盾构隧道模型（simplified longitudinal beam-spring shield tunnel model,简称SLBSM）;其次,将在建隧道简化为Winkler地基上的SLBSM,采用状态空间法推导了非对称推力作用下盾构隧道纵向变形解析解答。通过与既有文献有限元及现有两种连续梁模型计算结果进行对比,验证了所提方法的可靠性和适用性,并对部分参数进行敏感性分析。研究结果表明：连续梁模型计算得到的隧道纵向位移表现为连续特征,而所提方法得到的隧道纵向位移表现为非连续特征,隧道纵向位移在接头处会发生突变;通过参数分析可知：增大接头转动刚度可有效降低隧道隆起和环间张开量;增大接头剪切刚度可有效降低环间错台量,但会导致隧道隆起和剪力的增加;增大地基刚度能显著降低隧道环间张开量和隆起,但会导致环间错台量的增加;管片始端轴力对隧道纵向变形的影响不可...     

圭亚那林登地区东蒙哥马利铝土矿地质特征及成因分析

东蒙哥马利铝土矿位于圭亚那地盾东北部的临海陆缘区,铝土矿体沿前寒武纪基底与新近纪伯比斯层之间的不整合面产出。通过成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿石特征的分析发现,铝土矿床是以花岗岩和片麻岩为主体的富铝硅酸盐岩石在高温多雨、干旱交替的热带气候环境下,经历了早期的红土化作用和晚期的海侵作用,经过不断地分解、淋滤,最终形成的高铝低铁低硅的古风化壳红土型铝土矿。     

Research and application of mud proportioning optimization of slurry balance shield in mudstone and gravel composite stratum

Slurry performance is one of the key factors to maintain the stability of excavation face when slurry balance shield is tunneling in complex strata. Based on the engineering background of slurry shield tunneling in mudstone and gravel composite stratum of Nanning Metro Line 5, the control variable method and the self-made slurry shield tunneling system are adopted to compare and select the mud admixture and to analyze the influence of the admixture amount and the formation composite ratio on the slurry relative density. Then, the mud permeability law and the dynamic and static mud film forming law under different formation composite ratios, swelling water ratios and slag dosages are analyzed comprehensively by factorial design. The results show that different admixtures have significant influence on the properties of bentonite slurry. Specifically, potassium methyl silicate and potassium chloride can effectively reduce the relative density of slurry, while sodium chloride and sodium silicate can promote the disintegration of mudstone in water. In addition, the slag admixture can effectively reduce the water filtration, improving the film quality and reducing the consumption of bentonite. When the cutter head speed is less than or equal to 2.5 r/min, the formation rate of mud film is greater than or equal to the failure rate so as to ensure the stability of driving face. The mud swelling water ratio suitable for mudstone and gravel composite stratum (composite ratio: 0?1) is 0.1?0.20, the residue content is 100?200 g/kg, and the potassium methyl silicate is 3.75%?7.50%.     

Âge 40K/40Ar,Carbonifère inférieur,du magmatisme basique filonien du synclinal paléozoïque de Tin Serririne,Sud-Est du Hoggar (Algérie)

Palaeozoic formations of the Tassilis Oua-n-Ahaggar (southeastern Hoggar) include magmatic rocks in the Tin Serririne syncline. Slight contact metamorphism of the overlying bed and studies of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of these rocks show that the latter correspond to sills and NW–SE or north–south dykes. ⁴⁰K/⁴⁰Ar dating of separated feldspars and whole rock for one sample and of whole rock for two other samples give a mean age of $347.6\pm 16.2\text{Ma}$ (at the 2-σ level), thus corresponding to a Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) age. Taking into account both the age of this magmatism and the stratigraphic and structural data for this region suggests that dolerites were emplaced within distensive zones that are related to the reactivation of Panafrican faults. To cite this article: H. Djellit et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).