The Bivalves Megadesmus Sowerby and Astartila Dana from the Permian of Eastern Australia

Megadesmus Sowerby 1838 and Astartila Dana 1847 are bivalves from the Australian Permian, which belong to a group that Newell has termed “primitive desmodonts”. Both genera have a single blunt tooth in the right valve and a corresponding socket in the left. The tooth and socket are derived from folds in the valve margin and are not related to the teeth of heterodonts. Differences in shape, size, and pedal musculature separate Astartila from Megadesmus. Cleobis Dana 1847 differs only in having slightly different dentition and a small siphonal gape and is retained as a subgenus of Megadesmus. Astartila (Pleurikodonta) n. subgen. has been proposed for a small Astartila‐like species with well‐developed radial ornament.     

Geochronology,paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of metamorphic rocks in the northeast Fraser Belt,Western Australia

The first zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating on high-grade meta-igneous units in the northernmost parts of the Fraser Belt along the southern margin of the Western Australian Yilgarn Craton, reveal crystallisation ages between 1299 ± 10 and 1250 ± 23 Ma. A small number of older xenocrystic zircons, incorporated in some samples, indicate the presence of Late Paleoproterozoic crust in the region. Zircon that crystallised within a melt accumulated in the neck of a boudinaged mafic unit was dated at 1296 ± 4 Ma, indicating that the emplacement of the igneous protoliths took place syntectonically. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the granulites indicates minimum axes with a mean inclination of 4° towards 130°, corresponding to a nearly vertical southwest–northeast (50–230°) magnetic foliation. This is very close to the structural trend of the Fraser Belt suggesting that the magnetic fabric was acquired syntectonically, during the collision between the Yilgarn and Gawler Cratons. The paleomagnetic data on the granulites overlap with published poles for various 1.2 Ga units in the Albany Belt and the 1.2 Ga Fraser dykes, possibly suggesting that the remanence was acquired during the second stage of the Fraser tectonism. A younger magnetisation component resembles a pole of uncertain age published for Bremer Bay in the Albany Belt.     

Suckling Dome and the Australian–Woodlark plate boundary in eastern Papua: the geology of the Keveri and Ada'u Valleys

The Owen Stanley Fault Zone (OSFZ) is the low-angle thrust boundary between the Australian and Woodlark plates. The eastern extension of the OSFZ links with the Woodlark Basin spreading centre. Recent tectonic models of eastern Papua depict the OSFZ boundary passing through the Mt Suckling district, with the Keveri Fault a key component. Gravity data clearly show that the OSFZ and the Papuan Ultramafic Belt (PUB) pass north of Mt Suckling. Tectonised mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Mt Suckling district, previously referred to the PUB, are reassigned to the Awariobo Range Complex (new name). Extensive pillow basalts previously referred to the middle Eocene part of the Kutu Volcanics at the top of the PUB sequence are, in the map area, reassigned on lithological and biostratigraphic grounds to the late Oligocene–middle Miocene Wavera Volcanics. The detailed work reported here indicates that the Keveri Fault is unrelated to the OSFZ with no evidence for thrusting along the structure. The area's tectonic history has been dominated by large vertical displacements along the Keveri Fault. The commencement of late Miocene buoyant uplift of the Suckling Dome (new name), related to granite intrusion into thick crust of the eastern Papua region, marks the inception of the Keveri Fault and coincides with the initiation of Woodlark rifting. The fault facilitated much of the rapid vertical movement of the dome, with an estimated 8000 m of uplift (2.5 m/10³ a) since the late Miocene. Movement on the Keveri Fault is notably different from structures flanking other metamorphic core complexes in eastern Papua. There is no field evidence for the development of a low-angle, south-dipping detachment fault along the southern margin of the Suckling Dome. The Suckling Dome is the westernmost of the eastern Papua domes, localised within a broad extensional zone that continues to propagate westward along the OSFZ plate boundary.     

Timing of emplacement and deformation of the Tia Granodiorite,southern New England Fold Belt,NSW: Implications for the metamorphic history

The Tia Granodiorite, a Hillgrove Suite pluton in the southern New England Fold Belt, intruded complexly deformed metasediment and metabasite belonging to the Tia Complex, which at the time of intrusion had already been affected by two deformation events at low‐T moderate‐P metamorphic conditions and two overprinting deformation events at high‐T low‐P metamorphic conditions. Emplacement took place during D₅ thrusting associated with limited uplift as low‐P amphibolite facies metamorphism prevailed. Large‐scale warping during D₆ was followed by a second penetrative thrusting event (D₇) that caused further uplift and was initiated under lower amphibolite facies conditions.

The granodiorite has been dated at ～ 300 Ma using magmatic zircon, an age which is thought to approximate the emplacement age and thus D₅. Biotite grains associated with D₇ uplift yield a Rb/Sr age of 264±1.3 Ma. D₅ and D₇ appear to have formed during one extended high‐T metamorphic event because intervening retrogression is lacking in spite of extensive hydrous fluxing, as indicated by numerous syn‐D₆ quartz veins. This thermal event coincided with the opening of the extensional Permian basins.     

Granitic and monzonitic rocks dredged from the southeast Australian continental margin

Four Middle Devonian (381 Ma) granodiorite samples have been recovered from two dredge sites approximately 65 km east of Green Cape, New South Wales. The granodiorite samples are similar in age and composition to members of the Moruya Suite and probably form an along‐strike extension of that suite. The location of granodiorite on the southeastern margin requires that a piece of continental lithosphere was located to the present east of the study area in the Devonian. This piece of lithosphere may now be located somewhere on the western Lord Howe Rise.

A sample of Early Cretaceous leuco‐quartz monzodiorite was also recovered from a dredge site approximately 45 km north‐northeast of Dalmeny, New South Wales. It represents a body that was intruded at essentially the same time as, and is inferred to be of similar origin to, the syenite rocks of the nearby Mt Dromedary and Montague Island complexes.     

Thick‐skinned folding in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt,Shoalhaven River Gorge,New South Wales

In the Shoalhaven River Gorge, in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, the Ordovician quartz‐turbidite succession (Adaminaby Group) is affected by one major phase of deformation with northerly trending, gently plunging, upright, close to tight folds (F₁) characterised by a range in half wavelengths up to 3 km. Several anticlinoria and synclinoria are developed and folds occur in at least four orders; these characteristics are consistent with buckling occurring at several scales and are controlled by the thickness of competent units in the multilayered succession. F₁ folding is thick‐skinned in style with the whole crust probably having been affected by deformation. D₁ occurred during the Silurian to Middle Devonian interval and was associated with crustal thickening and the shallowing of depositional environments over time. Locally, F₁ is overprinted by south‐southeast‐trending, steeply to moderately inclined F₂ that reorients F₁ to recumbent attitudes. D₂ is of Early to Middle Carboniferous age. Both deformations are related to convergence in an intra‐arc to backarc region and occurred inboard of a subduction zone, remnants of which occur in the New England Fold Belt.     

Carboniferous convergence and subsequent crustal extension in the southern Schwarzwald (SW Germany)

Abstract

Detailed structural analysis in the southwestern part of the Variscan Sehwarzwald Massif (SW Germany) indicates polyphase, synmetamorphic deformation in ductile shear zones. The tectono-melainnrphir evolution is characterized by orogenic crustal shortening and subsequent late- orogenic crustal extension in Carboniferous times. Convergence is responsible for an KSK trending, north dipping thrust zone with intense deformation in orthogneissic S-C type mylonites Superposed on schistose and folded metasediments presumably lower Carboniferous in age. Southeastward thrust-’“g parallel to pervasive stretching lineation, similar to the pre-dominant oblique convergent structures ill the central part of the massif, is related to crustal stacking. Relations of early granite intrusions with the outlasting retrograde tectonics Point to a Lower Carboniferous (Late-Visean) age of shortening.

Subsequent crustal extension is indicated by a broad N-S trending and west dipping ductile shear zone within high grade meetamorphic (I1T7LP) gneisses. Retrograde stretching lineatone marked by sillimanite to chlorite anr consistent with a top-to-the-west shearing on the western flank of a large progressively warping domai structure. Intensely sheared and boudinaged granitic rocks are syn-tectonic and seal the age of extension at about 325 Ma (Lower/ Upper Carboniferous boundary). During progressively cataclastic stages of tectonic denudation the still active detachment controlled formation of an adjacent late Paleozoic (Stephano-Pcrniian) continental basin supersedding high-grade gneiss. As elsewhere in the Varisean belt, the late extensional process in the tectono-”“‘tainorphie evolution of the southern Sehwarzwald is related rapid uplift, exhumation and thinning by a gravitational collaps of a previously thickened crust.     

Genesis of the Ibero-Armorican arc

Abstract

The Ibero-Armorican arc is continuous between Iberia and Armorica; its curvature increased with time due to subduction followed by continental collision; indentation produced left lateral transpression in Iberia and right-lateral transpression in Armorica. It is argued that whereas the antithetic shear is predominant in Iberia, in Armorica a synthetic shear prevailed because the identer rotated anticlockwise between the opposed forelands of the Variscan Fold Belt. It is proposed that the major Rheic ocean, closed by subduction towards the inner part of the arc, solving the space problem of centripetal vergences.     

The Cambrian to Aquitanian geological record of the Longi-Taormina Unit (Calabria-Peloritani Arc,southern Italy): geodynamic implications

The Longi-Taormina Unit forms the “Dorsale calcaire” of the Peloritani Alpine Belt (southern Calabria-Peloritani Arc). It is made by a thick sedimentary cover of Meso-Cenozoic age overlying a Variscan weakly metamorphosed Cambrian to Carboniferous succession.

The Palaeozoic series consists of pelitic to arenaceous sediments containing layers of acidic and basic volcanics. The acidic volcanics are affected by the “Caledonian” compressional deformations and are referred to Early Ordovician. The basic rocks belong to two different volcanic cycles; the first, not dated, is ascribed to the Caledonian cycle according to its geochemical signature; whereas the second, middle-late Devonian in age, is interpreted to have formed in the framework of pre-Variscan extensional tectonics. During the Variscan Orogeny (330 Ma), the area recorded metamorphism up to subgreenschist-to-greenschist facies and two main deformation phases, marked by syn-schistose early folds (Dv₁), overprinted by dominantly NW-SE trending late folds (Dv₂).

During the Aquitanian, deformation related to the Alpine Orogeny led to imbrication of the Palaeozoic and Meso-Cenozoic series. The sedimentary cover was affected by a series of N090° to N130° trending folds. Detailed stratigraphical and structural investigations on the tectonic contact between the Longi-Taormina Unit, and the overlying Fondachelli Unit indicate that this structure is part of a frontal thrust ramp which developed during the Aquitanian.

Our geological and structural studies on the Cambrian to Aquitanian rocks of the Longi-Taormina Unit of the Calabria-Peloritani Arc enable to unravel the complex geodynamic history of the central-western Mediterranean area.     

南天山萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床稀土微量元素特征及其成因意义

萨瓦亚尔顿金矿位于新疆乌恰县的南天山构造带中,是我国20世纪90年代发现的第一例“穆龙套型”金矿.矿床形成于印支期,矿化与石英脉密切相关,显示了与穆龙套金矿的相似性.成矿流体演化经历了早期高温无矿化石英阶段,中期中低温矿化石英阶段,晚期低温碳酸盐脉阶段.早期无矿石英的稀土及微量元素含量均低于矿化石英.矿化石英包体中流体的稀土元素配分模式显示较一致的轻稀土富集和Eu正异常,指示流体中较高的钙离子或相对还原环境;流体中Pb含量较高,而蚀变强烈的围岩则显示出明显的Ca和Pb流失,这表明成矿流体可能部分来源于与围岩发生交代作用的蚀变流体,矿质沉淀可能与流体混合作用相关.早期石英包体中流体的稀土和微量元素含量较低则指示早期阶段可能未发生流体混合.萨瓦亚尔顿Ⅳ号矿脉为最大矿带,其含矿石英包体中流体微量元素一般高于其它矿脉石英,可能显示较强的流体混合及成矿作用.Ⅱ号矿脉在流体稀土及微量元素含量上显示与Ⅳ脉更为相似.萨瓦亚尔顿金矿稀土微量元素研究表明围岩组分可能为成矿流体主要来源之一,而流体混合则为成矿重要机制,这与前期流体包裹体及同位素研究结论一致,也符合造山型金矿的一般特征.