晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚与大陆构造体系的发展

东亚大陆原型形成于三叠纪印支造山运动旋回,其周邻环绕的三大洋（古太平洋、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋、中特提斯洋）于早侏罗世初期几乎同时向东亚大陆俯冲,开启了东亚多板块汇聚历史。文章通过总结东亚大陆晚中生代构造变形和构造岩浆事件的新近研究成果,简述了东亚多板块汇聚产生的三个陆缘汇聚构造系统（北部蒙古-鄂霍次克碰撞造山带、东部与俯冲有关的增生造山系统、西南部班公湖-怒江缝合构造带）、陆内汇聚构造变形体系和大陆伸展构造体系。在此基础上,重新构建了东亚多板块汇聚大陆构造-岩浆演化的时间框架,将其划分为三个阶段:早侏罗世（200~170 Ma）周邻大洋板块初始俯冲阶段和陆缘裂解事件,中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期（170~135 Ma）周邻陆缘碰撞造山或俯冲增生造山作用、陆内再生造山作用和汇聚构造体系的形成;中晚白垩世（135~80 Ma）大陆岩石圈的减薄作用和大陆伸展构造体系的发育。研究认为,晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚在时空上的有序演化和深浅构造的复合叠加,不仅产生了东亚大陆复杂的陆缘和陆内构造体系,同时控制了中国东部燕山期爆发式岩浆-成矿作用,也使东亚构造地貌发生东西翘变,早期陆缘汇聚产生的东部高原因晚期大陆岩石圈的减薄和伸展而垮塌。东亚大陆构造体系的形成和演化与联合古大陆的裂解同步,晚中生代东亚多板块汇聚完成了从东亚到欧亚大陆的演替,以东亚大陆为核心的多板块汇聚格局一直延续至新生代,可能成为未来超大陆形成的起点。      

辽西—大兴安岭晚侏罗世—早白垩世火山岩形成动力学背景的新认识

大兴安岭及附近地区中生代火山岩是两种动力学背景下形成的。 晚侏罗世早期,即相当于辽西—冀北的土城子期（156～145 Ma）,是大兴安岭地区的强挤压造山时期。大兴安岭地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世火山岩（150～100 Ma）是后造山期挤压背景下“减压—剪切”环境中形成的,该时期火山岩与地幔柱火山岩有较大差异。     

Structural Characteristics and Formation Dynamics: A Review of the Main Sedimentary Basins in the Continent of China

The formation and evolution of basins in the China continent are closely related to the collages of many blocks and orogenic belts. Based on a large amount of the geological, geophysical, petroleum exploration data and a large number of published research results, the basement constitutions and evolutions of tectonic–sedimentary of sedimentary basins, the main border fault belts and the orogenesis of their peripheries of the basins are analyzed. Especially, the main typical basins in the eight divisions in the continent of China are analyzed in detail, including the Tarim, Ordos, Sichuan, Songliao, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Qiadam and Qiangtang basins. The main five stages of superimposed evolutions processes of basins revealed, which accompanied with the tectonic processes of the Paleo–Asian Ocean, Tethyan and Western Pacific domains. They contained the formations of main Cratons(1850–800 Ma), developments of marine basins(800–386 Ma), developments of Marine–continental transition basins and super mantle plumes(386–252 Ma), amalgamation of China Continent and developments of continental basins(252–205 Ma) and development of the foreland basins in the western and extensional faulted basin in the eastern of China(205–0 Ma). Therefore, large scale marine sedimentary basins existed in the relatively stable continental blocks of the Proterozoic, developed during the Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic, with the property of the intracontinental cratons and peripheral foreland basins, the multistage superimposing and late reformations of basins. The continental basins developed on the weak or preexisting divisional basements, or the remnant and reformed marine basins in the Meso–Cenozoic, are mainly the continental margins, back–arc basins, retroarc foreland basins, intracontinental rifts and pull–apart basins. The styles and intensity deformation containing the faults, folds and the structural architecture of regional unconformities of the basins, responded to the openings, subductions, closures of oceans, the continent–continent collisions and reactivation of orogenies near the basins in different periods. The evolutions of the Tianshan–Mongol–Hinggan, Kunlun–Qilian–Qinling–Dabie–Sulu, Jiangshao–Shiwandashan, Helanshan–Longmengshan, Taihang–Wuling orogenic belts, the Tibet Plateau and the Altun and Tan–Lu Fault belts have importantly influenced on the tectonic–sedimentary developments, mineralization and hydrocarbon reservoir conditions of their adjacent basins in different times. The evolutions of basins also rely on the deep structures of lithosphere and the rheological properties of the mantle. The mosaic and mirroring geological structures of the deep lithosphere reflect the pre–existed divisions and hot mantle upwelling, constrain to the origins and transforms dynamics of the basins. The leading edges of the basin tectonic dynamics will focus on the basin and mountain coupling, reconstruction of the paleotectonic–paleogeography, establishing relationship between the structural deformations of shallow surface to the deep lithosphere or asthenosphere, as well as the restoring proto–basin and depicting residual basin of the Paleozoic basin, the effects of multiple stages of volcanism and paleo–earthquake events in China.     

造山过程中的流体—岩石相互作用和质量传输的评述

在汇聚板块边缘,滑脱面的滑动和沉积岩系的逆冲堆叠,导致孔隙水被压实排出,流体润滑了脱面,从而引起增生楔的生长。流体对流体制是地壳深熔的先驱事件。碱性花岗岩在次固相下有丰富的岩浆水的出溶,并且促进了碱性长石的微组构重组织。上部地壳浅表流体的循环主要受岩浆侵位驱动。韧性剪切带Ｔｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ残留富集,Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ带出,流体不混溶和相分离是Ａｕ沉淀的重要机制。断层带尤其深部断层带具有高的流体／岩石比     

Deconvolving the pre-Himalayan Indian margin-Tales of crustal growth and destruction

The metamorphic core of the Himalaya is composed of Indian cratonic rocks with two distinct crustal affinities that are defined by radiogenic isotopic geochemistry and detrital zircon age spectra. One is derived predominantly from the Paleoproterozoic and Archean rocks of the Indian cratonic interior and is either represented as metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence(LHS) or as slices of the distal cratonic margin. The other is the Greater Himalayan Sequence(GHS) whose provenance is less clear and has an enigmatic affinity. Here we present new detrital zircon Hf analyses from LHS and GHS samples spanning over 1000 km along the orogen that respectively show a striking similarity in age spectra and Hf isotope ratios. Within the GHS, the zircon age populations at 2800-2500 Ma,1800 Ma, 1000 Ma and 500 Ma can be ascribed to various Gondwanan source regions; however, a pervasive and dominant Tonianage population(～860-800 Ma) with a variably enriched radiogenic Hf isotope signature(eHf = 10 to-20) has not been identified from Gondwana or peripheral accreted terranes. We suggest this detrital zircon age population was derived from a crustal province that was subsequently removed by tectonic erosion. Substantial geologic evidence exists from previous studies across the Himalaya supporting the Cambro-Ordovician Kurgiakh Orogeny. We propose the tectonic removal of Tonian lithosphere occurred prior to or during this Cambro-Ordovician episode of orogenesis in a similar scenario as is seen in the modern Andean and Indonesian orogenies, wherein tectonic processes have removed significant portions of the continental lithosphere in a relatively short amount of time. This model described herein of the pre-Himalayan northern margin of Greater India highlights the paucity of the geologic record associated with the growth of continental crust. Although the continental crust is the archive of Earth history, it is vital to recognize the ways in which preservation bias and destruction of continental crust informs geologic models.     

北山造山带南部早古生代构造演化：来自花岗岩的约束

北山造山带是中亚造山带的重要组成部分,处于天山造山带和索仑缝合带之间的关键构造位置,对认识中亚造山带的构造演化和古亚洲洋的最终闭合具有重要意义。本文选择北山造山带南部早古生代桥湾糜棱岩化花岗岩和金塔钾长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石Hf同位素和地球化学研究。结果表明,桥湾糜棱岩化花岗岩和金塔钾长花岗岩均形成于~430Ma,岩浆结晶锆石的二阶段Hf模式年龄分别为2.14~2.37Ga和1.32~1.72Ga。样品中含有少量继承锆石,继承锆石的Hf同位素特征与北山南部新元古代花岗质片麻岩类似。在地球化学组成上,两者均具有高的SiO2含量(73.18%~75.00%),弱过铝质,富集Rb、U、K等元素,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、和Sr、P、Ti等元素的特点,类似于北山南部其它早古生代钾长花岗岩。它们的岩浆均起源于北山南部古老地壳基底的部分熔融,金塔钾长花岗岩可能还有幔源岩浆或新生下地壳的贡献。这同时也暗示了北山南部石板山地块与敦煌地块具有显著不同的地壳基底组成。结合敦煌地块早古生代高压麻粒岩的研究结果,我们认为北山南部早古生代岩浆活动可能与敦煌地块向北山南部石板山地块的碰撞、俯冲作用有关,反映了中亚造山带南缘的北山造山带在早古生代经历了造山带中微陆块与周缘克拉通碰撞拼贴的造山事件。     

碰撞造山带超高温变质作用及构造意义——以泛非造山带为例

超高温（≥900℃）变质作用发生在自太古代以来的各个地质历史时期,目前极可能也正发生在青藏高原地壳深部。同时,它也是以冈瓦纳为代表的超大陆在最终拼合时的显著标识,这一关联指示了超高温变质作用与碰撞造山带的密切关系。本文总结了东冈瓦纳内与泛非造山作用有关的典型超高温变质岩的分布、岩石学特征、峰期变质条件、P-T轨迹及形成时代,并简要介绍我们在柴达木地块西段新识别出的泛非期超高温变质作用的基本特征。结合东冈瓦纳超高温变质作用特征和造山带热模拟研究的新进展,本文获得以东冈瓦纳超高温变质作用为代表的碰撞造山带超高温变质作用的几点认识：1）东冈瓦纳麻粒岩地块中的超高温变质岩和普通麻粒岩记录了相似的变质年龄、P-T轨迹以及呈过渡变化的峰期温度,两者可能是同一构造事件的产物,共同组成一个高温-超高温变质岩单元;2）超高温变质作用在东冈瓦纳内部持续了至少超过30Myr,但未见呈大规模的同期或近同期基性岩岩浆出露,指示此处需要的长期热源不是地幔来源岩浆;3）虽然数值模拟能成功呈现加厚地壳被放射元素衰变热加热至超高温条件的情况,且加热及持续时间与东冈瓦纳超高温变质约束的结果相当,但是模拟中需要的高生热值暗示,在自然界中,完全只靠放射性元素衰变生热或许不能让碰撞造山带内达到超高温条件;4）碰撞造山带经历了长期的构造演化,这一过程中,造山带内地壳不太可能同时达到超高温变质条件,这一特征可能反映在P-T-t轨迹的差异上,对这些轨迹的系统研究有助于对超高温变质作用的构造-热过程的理解。     

北喜马拉雅恰芒巴二云母花岗岩的年龄及形成机制

恰芒巴二云母花岗岩体位于特提斯喜马拉雅的西部, 岩石发育片麻状构造, 主要矿物组成为石英、钾长石、白云母和黑云母。LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示, 锆石年龄分布范围为35.1~17.3 Ma, 暗示较长时间的深熔作用过程, 其中最年轻的年龄(18.1±0.4 Ma)代表了花岗岩的最终结晶年龄。地球化学分析表明, 岩石具有高的SiO₂(73.06%~73.79%)、Al₂O₃(14.73%~15.06%)和CaO(1.18%~1.24%)含量, 以及高的K₂O/Na₂O值(1.16~1.25)和A/CNK值(1.16~1.20), 属于高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩。岩石强烈富集Rb、Th、U和K, 而亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Zr, 轻重稀土分馏较强(La/Yb)_N=9.98~11.35, 并显示较弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.70~0.74)。(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i和ε_Nd(t)值分别为0.742 298~0.743 092和-14.1~-14.0, 可与大喜马拉雅结晶杂岩(GHC)中变质沉积岩对比, 推测源岩为GHC变质沉积岩或与之成分相当的岩石。岩石(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值较低而Sr浓度较高, 随着Ba浓度的增加, Rb/Sr值基本不变, 与水致白云母部分熔融的趋势一致, 推测恰芒巴二云母花岗岩可能是水致白云母部分熔融的产物, 部分熔融作用可能与藏南拆离系的活动密切相关。     

我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖扩张特征及其气候意义

分析冰湖扩张特征和扩张方式及其气候意义,有利于认识冰川-冰湖-气候三者的变化关系和冰湖溃决灾害危险性程度。基于大比例尺地形图、DEM、ASTER影像等数据,分析近30年来我国喜马拉雅山区不同海拔高度冰湖变化的特征及冰湖-母冰川的相对位置的变化关系,探讨其气候效应。结果显示：(1) 存在冰湖的面积增大是冰湖面积扩张的主要贡献者,占总面积净增量的67%,新增湖的面积占总面积净增量的33%;(2) 不同高度带冰湖面积多呈扩张态势,净增面积在5000~5300 m出现峰值,指示气候变化的垂直差异性;(3) 在2000s 母冰川-冰湖距离为0 的冰湖,数量占扩张冰湖总数的19%,而其冰湖面积增量却占了总面积增量的60%,为冰湖扩张的主体,反映出冰湖与母冰川关系越紧密,气候效应越强烈,冰湖面积增加越显著。     

川西马尔康片麻岩穹隆与伟晶岩型锂矿的构造成因

片麻岩穹隆是造山折返过程形成的重要构造样式。马尔康锂矿床位于松潘-甘孜造山带腹地的马尔康片麻岩穹隆中,其核部为太阳河花岗闪长岩和可尔因花岗岩、幔部由经过变质作用的晚三叠世深海—半深海复理石和浊积岩组成,大量含锂伟晶岩脉侵位于红柱石-十字石变质带中。通过野外地质调查和构造分析,在马尔康片麻岩穹隆中识别出三期构造变形叠加于造山早期大规模收缩变形之上:第一期变形(D1)为南向的大型高温拆离剪切带(马尔康拆离断层,MRKD);第二期变形(D2)为马尔康"穹隆构造";第三期变形(D3)为后期叠加的新生代近东西向逆冲断层。新的锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明太阳河和可尔因岩体的结晶年龄分别为226～212 Ma与224～218 Ma,马尔康拆离断层中平行剪切面理的同构造变形伟晶岩脉形成于约212～207 Ma,而未变形含锂伟晶岩脉则形成于200～190 Ma之间。研究表明,马尔康片麻岩穹隆在造山早期伴随220～212 Ma的花岗岩侵位,形成中低压巴罗式变质作用;在挤压向伸展转换过程(212～207 Ma)中,形成向南剪切的拆离断层以及变质核杂岩构造,致使花岗岩浆底辟上涌和片麻岩穹隆的形成;200～190...